Which between the two sets of statement is

easier or quicker to understand? Justify your

point.

Set A - Ninety five (95%) of the examiners

passed the licensure exams. Twenty pages of
the book contain grammatically incorrect
sentences.

Set B - A big number of examiners passed.

QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH

RENZEL JOYCE R. BONDOC

WHAT IS A QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH?

Quantitative Research Designs use numbers in stating

generalizations about a given problem or inquiry in
contrast to qualitative research that hardly uses
statistical treatment in stating generalizations.

These numbers are results of objective scales of

measurement of the units of analysis called variables.
Research findings are subjected to statistical
treatment to determine significant relationships
or differences between variables, the results of
which are the bases for generalization about
phenomena.
CHARACTERISTICS OF QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH
• Methods or procedures of data gathering include items like
age, gender, educational status, among others, that call for
measurable characteristics of the population.
• Standardized instruments guide data collection, thus,
ensuring the accuracy, reliability and validity of data.
• Figures, tables or graphs showcase summarized data
collected in order to show trends, relationships or
differences among variables. In sum, the charts and tables
allow you to see the evidence collected.
• A large population yields more reliable data, but
principles of random sampling must be strictly
followed to prevent researcher’s bias.
• Quantitative methods can be repeated to verify
findings in another setting, thus, reinforcing validity
of findings.
• Quantitative research puts emphasis on proof, rather
than discovery.
STRENGTH AND WEAKNESSES OF
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
•STRENGTH
1. QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
DESIGN IS THE MOST RELIABLE
AND VALID WAY OF CONDUCTING
RESULTS, GIVING WAY TO A NEW
HYPOTHESIS OR TO DISPROVING
IT.
2. BIGGER NUMBER OF SAMPLE

3.QUANTITATIVE EXPERIMENTS
FILTER OUT EXTERNAL FACTORS.
•WEAKNESSES

1. QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH CAN BE

COSTLY, DIFFICULT AND TIME-
CONSUMING-DIFFICULT BECAUSE
MOST RESEARCHERS ARE NON-
MATHEMATICIANS.
2. QUANTITATIVE STUDIES REQUIRE
EXTENSIVE STATISTICAL
TREATMENT, REQUIRING STRINGENT
STANDARDS, MORE SO WITH
CONFIRMATION RESULTS.

3. QUANTITATIVE METHODS ALSO

TEND TO TURN OUT ONLY PROVED
OR UNPROVEN RESULTS, LEAVING
KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
RESEARCH DESIGN REFERS TO THE
OVERALL STRATEGY THAT YOU
CHOOSE IN ORDER TO INTEGRATE
THE DIFFERENT COMPONENTS OF
THE STUDY IN A COHERENT AND
LOGICAL WAY.
FURTHERMORE, A RESEARCH
DESIGN CONSTITUTES THE
BLUEPRINT FOR THE SELECTION,
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGNS
(WRITTEN IN THE BOARD)
•Experimental Research Design allows
the researcher to control the situation. In
so doing, it allows the researcher to
answer the question, “What causes
something to occur?” This kind of
research also allows the researcher to
identify cause and effect relationships
between variables and to distinguish
placebo effects from treatment effects.
•Pre- Experimental Research Design
types of research apply to experimental
designs with the least internal validity.
One type of pre-experiment, the single
group, pre-test-post-test design,
measures the group two times, before
and after the intervention.
TWO CLASSES OF EXPERIMENTAL
DESIGNS

•QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

•TRUE EXPERIMENTAL
•QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN – the
researcher can collect more data, either
by scheduling more observations or
finding more existing measures.

•TRUE EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN–

controls for both time-related and group-
related threats. These features require
that the researchers have control over
the experimental treatment and the
 TYPES OF QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL
DESIGN
1. Non- Equivalent Control Group Design – refers to
the change failure of random assignment to equalize
the conditions by converting a true experiment into
this this kind of design, for purposes of analysis.

2. Interrupted Time Series Design-employs multiple

measures before and after the experimental
intervention. It differs from the single group pre-
experiment that has only one pretest and one
posttest. Users of this design assume that the time
 Non-experimental Research Design

In this kind of design, the researcher observes the

phenomena as they occur naturally and no external
variables are introduced. In this research design, the
variables are not deliberately manipulated nor is the
setting controlled. Researchers collect data without
making changes or introducing treatments.
The descriptive research design’s main purpose is
to observe, describe and document aspects of a
 Types of Descriptive Research Design

1. Survey- a research design used when the

researcher intends to provide a quantitative or numeric
description of trends, attitudes or opinions of a
population by studying a sample of that population
(Creswell, 2003). For example, universities regularly
float surveys to determine customer satisfaction, that
is, the students’ attitudes toward or opinions regarding
2. Correlational – Correlational Research has three types:
* Bivariate correlational studies – obtain scores from two variables for
each subject, then use them to calculate a correlation coefficient. The
term bivariate implies that the two variables are (variables are selected
because they are believe to be related).
Examples: Children of wealthier (variable #1), better educated (variables
#2) parents earn higher salaries as adults.
*Prediction studies-use correlation co-efficient to show how one variable
(the predictor variable) predicts another (the criterion variable).
Examples: which high school applicants should be admitted to college?
*Multiple Regression Prediction studies- suppose the high school GPA is
not the sole predictor of college GPA, what might be other good
predictors? All of these variables can contribute to the over-all prediction
3. Ex-Post Facto Research Design- these
are non-experimental design that are
used to investigate casual relationships.
They examine whether one or more pre-
existing conditions could possibly have
caused subsequent differences in groups
of subjects. Researchers attempts to
discover whether differences between
groups have result in an observed
difference in the independent variables
4. Comparative design –involves
comparing and contrasting two or more
samples of study subjects on one or more
variables, often at a single point of time.
Specifically, this design is used to
compare two distinct groups on the basis
of selected attributes such as knowledge
level, perceptions, and attitudes physical
or psychological symptoms. For example,
a comparative study on the health
5. Evaluative research –seeks to assess or
judge in some way providing information
about something other than might be gleaned
in mere observation or investigation of
relationships.
For example, where a test of children in
school is used to assess the effectiveness of
teaching or the deployment of a curriculum.
Evaluation research is conducted to elicit
useful feedback from a variety of respondent
from various fields to aid in decision making
There are various types of evaluation
depending on the purpose of the study.
Formative and summative evaluation types
are most commonly used in research.
Formative evaluation is used to determine the
quality of implementation of a project, the
efficiency and effectiveness of a program,
assessment of organizational processes like
procedures, policies guidelines, human
6. Methodological- in this approach, the
implementation of a variety of
methodologies forms a critical part of
achieving the goal of developing a scale-
matched approach, where data from
different disciplines can be integrated.
 QUIZ #1
1. This type of correlational research design obtain scores from two
variables for each subject, then use them to calculate a correlation
coefficient. The term bivariate implies that the two variables are
(variables are selected because they are believe to be related).
2.-3. Give the two classes of experimental design
4. It uses numbers in stating generalizations about a given problem
or inquiry in contrast to qualitative research that hardly uses
statistical treatment in stating generalizations.
5. It involves comparing and contrasting two or more
samples of study subjects on one or more variables, often at
a single point of time. Specifically, this design is used to
compare two distinct groups on the basis of selected
attributes such as knowledge level, perceptions, and
attitudes physical or psychological symptoms.
6. Give one strength of quantitative research
7. Give one weakness of quantitative research
8. In this approach, the implementation of a variety of
methodologies forms a critical part of achieving the goal of
developing a scale-matched approach, where data from
different disciplines can be integrated.
9. A research design used when the researcher
intends to provide a quantitative or numeric
description of trends, attitudes or opinions of a
population by studying a sample of that
population.
10. This yields more reliable data, but principles
of random sampling must be strictly followed to
prevent researcher’s bias.
Answer Key
1. Bivariate Correlational Studies
2. Quasi Experimental Design
3. True Experimental Design
4. Quantitative Research
5. Comparative Research

8. Methodological
9. Survey
10. Large Population