M&E AAT

DIFFERENT LEVELS OF PLANNING,DECISION MAKING TOWARDS ANY GOAL

ORIENTED PROCESS
 1.Planning
Planning is the process of thinking about the activities
required to achieve a desired goal. It involves the
creation and maintenance of a planning, such as
psychological aspects that require conceptual skills.
Planning process:

Patrick Montana and Bruce Charnov outline a three-step result-oriented

process for planning:[]
•choosing a destination
•evaluating alternative routes
•Deciding the specific course of the plan
Major characteristics of
planning in organizations
include:

•Planning increases the efficiency of an organization.

•Planning reduces risks.
•Planning utilizes with maximum efficiency the available time
and resources
Levels and stages of
planning:
● Levels of planning
● In management theory, it is usual to consider that there are
three basic levels of planning, though in practice there may
be more than three levels of management and to an
extent, there will be some overlapping of planning
operations. The three levels of planning are discussed in
next coming slides.
Top level planning:
It’s also known as overall or strategic planning, top level planning
is done by the top management, i.e., board of directors or
governing body. It encompasses the long-range objectives
and policies or organisation and is concerned with corporate
results rather than sectional objectives. Top level planning is
entirely long-range and inextricably linked with long-term
objectives. It might be called the ‘what’ of planning.
Second level planning:
● It’s also known as tactical planning, it is done by middle level
managers or departmental heads. It is concerned with ‘how’
of planning. It deals with development of resources to the best
advantage. It is concerned mainly, not exclusively, with long-
range planning, but its nature is such that the time spans are
usually shorter than those of strategic planning. This is because
its attentions are usually devoted to the step-by-step
attainment of the organisation’s main objective. It is, in fact,
oriented to functions and departments rather than to the
organisation as a whole.
Third level planning:
● It’s also known as operational or activity planning, it is the
concern of departmental managers and supervisors. It is
confined to putting into effect the tactical or departmental
plans. It is usually for a short-term and may be revised quite
often to be in tune with the tactical planning.
Stages of planning
● Setting organisational objectives
● List of alternatives to achieve the objective
● Choose the best alternative
● Formulation of supporting plans
● Put the plans into action
● Follow up
 Decision Making
Definition of Decision Making:

Decision-making involves the selection of a course

of action from among two or more possible
alternatives in order to arrive at a solution for a
given problem.
Characteristics of decision-
making
● Objectives must first be established
● Objectives must be classified and placed in order of importance
● Alternative actions must be developed
● The alternatives must be evaluated against all the objectives
● The alternative that is able to achieve all the objectives is the tentative decision
● The tentative decision is evaluated for more possible consequences
Problem analysis
● It is important to differentiate between problem analysis and decision-making. Traditionally, it is argued that
problem analysis must be done first, so that the information gathered in that process may be used towards
decision-making
Characteristics of problem
analysis
● Problems are merely deviations from performance standards
● Problems must be precisely identified and described
● Problems are caused by a change from a distinctive feature
THANK YOU