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1. Mean
2. Median
3. Mode
Measures of Central Tendency
• It is a single value that is used to identify the
center of the data.
• It is taught as the typical value in the set of
scores.
• It tends to lie within the center if it is
arranged from lowest to highest and vice
versa.
Mean
• It is the most common measure of center.
• It is known as arithmetic average.
MEAN = 495/11 = 45
• Find the mean for each set of data
1. 90, 86, 80, 87, 86, 82, 87, 92
2. 42, 41, 45, 42, 46, 47, 48, 47, 41, 41
N = 8; Mean = 86.25;
20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70
• Median = 45
Find the Median of the following
scores:
2, 12, 4, 11, 3, 7, 10, 5, 9, 6
1. median 86.5
2. median = 43.5
Properties of Median
• It is not affected by extreme values.
• It is applied to ordinal level of data.
• The middle most score in the distribution.
• Most appropriate when there are extreme
scores.
The Mode
• It refers to the score or scores that occurred most
in the distribution.
Classification of Mode
1. Unimodal – is the distribution that consists of
only one mode.
2. Bimodal – is the distribution of scores that
consists of two modes
3. Multimodal – is a score distribution that
consists of more than two modes.
Properties of Mode
• It is the score/s occurred most frequently.
• Nominal average
• It can be used for qualitative and quantitative.
• Not affected by extreme values.
• It may not exist.
• Find the mode of the scores of students in
algebra quiz:
34, 36, 45, 65, 34, 45, 55, 61, 34, 46
1. mode 86 and 87
2. mode = 41
Measures of Variability
Data 9 Data 10
N = 20 N= 20
100 75 98 75
98 75 96 75
95 75 87 75
91 72 78 75
88 70 75 72
87 69 75 72
82 68 75 72
80 67 75 72
75 51 75 72
75 50 75 72
Measures of Variability
• It is a single value that is used to describe the
spread of scores in a distribution, that is
above or below the measures of central
tendency.
R = HS – LS
• No. 9 • No. 10
• Range = 100-50=50 • Range = 98 -72 = 26
Properties of Range
1. Simplest and crudest measure.
2. A rough measure of variation.
3. The smaller the value, the closer the scores
to each other or the larger the value, either
more scattered the scores are.
4. The value easily fluctuates, meaning if there
is a changes in either the highest score or
lowest score the value of range easily
changes.
Scores of 10 students in Mathematics and Science.
Find the range and in what subject has a greater
variability Mathematics Science
35 35
33 40
45 25 Science
Mathematics
55 47
HS = 62 62 55 HS = 57
LS = 33 LS = 25
34 35 R = HS – LS
R = HS – LS
R = 62-33 54 45 R = 57 - 25
R = 29 36 57 R = 32
47 39
40 52
Q3 – Q1
QD =
2
In a score of 50 students, the Q3 = 50.25 and Q1 = 25.45.
Find the QD.
Q3 – Q1
QD =
2
n -1
where, x = individual score
n = number of score in a distribution
x mean (x-mean)²
45 48.5 12.25
35 182.25
48 0.25
60 132.25
44 20.25
39 90.25
47 2.25
55 42.25
58 90.25
54 30.25
n -1
Mean = ∑X
n
Mean = 48.5
Mean = 485
10
SD = 8.18
√
602.5
SD = 10 -1
This means that on the average the amount that
SD =√
deviates from the mean value = 48.5 is 8.18
66.9444
Interpretation of Result
• Small standard deviation- Closer, clustered,
homogeneous, scores are less varied
• Large standard deviation – dispersed,
scattered, spread apart, far from each other,
heterogeneous, scores are more varied
Percentage of the Population that falls within the standard deviation units
in a normal distribution
34.13% 34.13%
13.59% 13.59%
2.14% 2.14%
.13% .13%
68.26%
95.44%
99.72%
Measure of Relative Position
• Indicates where a score is in relation to all other
scores in the distribution.
Percentile Stanine
Rank Z-scores T-scores
Scores
Percentile Rank
• It is the percentage of the scores in the frequency distribution
which are lower.
• This means that the percentage of the examinees in the norm
group who scored below the score of interest (Crocker & Algina,
1986).
• It is used to clarify the interpretation of scores on standardized
tests.
Given: X = 50
SD = 5
X = 59 Z = 59-50 = 9 /5 = 1.8
Formula: z = X – X
SD
Jemar’s score is 1.8 standard deviation above the mean of this comparison group.
Mark’s examination results in the three subject areas are as
follows:
James performed
Labor Management: best in
Z = X –Mean Mathematics while
SD he performed very
poor in Natural
Z = 94 -92 = 2 /7.5 = .27 Science in relation
to the group
performance
T-score
It tells the location of a score in a normal
distribution having a mean of 50 and a standard
deviation of 10
T 10z+50
It has a mean of 50
Where:
z = z score and a standard
10 = a multiplying constant (SD) deviation of 10
50 = an additive constant (Mean)
Mathematics: z = .7 Natural Science: z = - 1
T = 10z + 50 T = 10z + 50
T = 10 (.7) + 50 T = 10 (-1) + 50
T = 7 + 50 T = -10 + 50
T = 57 T = 40
Stanine = 1.96z + 5
Magnitude or
Correlation is a Two Ways of Degree of
statistical method Describing Relationship is
of observing the Correlation: expressed through
degree or correlation
direction of 1. Its magnitude coefficient (r)
relationship which is a number
or degree
between two sets between +1.00 to -
2. Its direction
of variables. 1.00
+1 Perfect correlation
+ .75 to + .99 Very high correlation
+ .50 to + .74 High correlation
+ .25 to + .49 Moderately low correlation
+ .10 to + .24 Very low correlation
+ .01 to + .09 Negligible correlation
0 No correlation