Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Water Conservation
Water Conservation
CUSTOMIZED ENVIRONMENTAL
TRAINING
WELCOME
Water Conservation 1/66 © Copyright Training 4 Today 2001 Published by EnviroWin Software LLC
INSTRUCTOR
Water Conservation 2/66 © Copyright Training 4 Today 2001 Published by EnviroWin Software LLC
OBJECTIVES
Discuss the Need for Water Conservation.
Discuss the Need for Monitoring, Submetering, and Leak
Detection.
Explain How Water Pressure Relates to Water Conservation.
Discuss Water Recycling and Water Reuse.
Discuss Cooling Water Conservation.
Discuss Industrial Water Conservation Measures.
Discuss Bathroom Water Conservation Measures.
Discuss Xeriscape Landscaping.
Discuss Water Conservation Education and Employee
Participation.
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GOALS
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BACKGROUND
Drought costs ranchers and farmers an estimated $6-8
billion a year, more than damages caused by floods or
hurricanes.
The Dust Bowl Drought from 1931-1938 affected 50
million acres of land and left thousands of farmers
homeless.
In 1999 drought caused 1,695 counties in 44 states to
be declared agricultural disaster areas.
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LEARNERS
Supervisors
Facility Engineers
Maintenance Personnel
Department Managers
Building Occupants
Process Specialists
Environmental and Safety Committees
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OVERVIEW
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WHAT THIS COURSE DOES NOT DO
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SAFE DRINKING WATER ACT
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WHAT IS A DROUGHT?
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WHY CONSERVE WATER?
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TWO TYPES OF PRACTICES
1. Engineering practices:
practices based on
modifications in
plumbing, fixtures, or
water supply operating
procedures.
2. Behavioral practices:
practices based on
changing water use
habits.
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MONITORING
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SUBMETERING
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METER ACCURACY
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LEAK DETECTION
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LEAK DETECTION
Automated sensors/telemetry.
Remote sensors and monitoring
software can alert personnel to leaks,
fluctuations in pressure, problems with
equipment integrity, and other concerns.
Visual inspection program. This
may include pipe inspection, cleaning,
lining, and other maintenance efforts to
improve the distribution system and
prevent leaks and ruptures from
occurring.
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WATER AUDITS
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REDUCING WATER PRESSURE
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REDUCING WATER PRESSURE
Pressure-reducing valves.
Can be installed on street mains,
as well as individual buildings.
Companies might also insert
flow restrictors on services at the
meter.
Seek technical assistance from
your water provider on pressure-
reducing valves.
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WATER RECYCLING
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WATER REUSE
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WATER REUSE
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COOLING WATER
RECIRCULATION
The use of water for cooling in industrial applications
represents one of the largest water uses in the United
States.
The most water-intensive cooling method used in
industrial applications is once-through cooling, in which
water contacts and lowers the temperature of a heat
source and then is discharged.
Recycling water with a recirculating cooling system
can greatly reduce water use by using the same water
to perform several cooling operations.
Three cooling water conservation approaches that
can be used to reduce water use are evaporative
cooling, ozonation, and air heat exchange.
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EVAPORATION COOLERS
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OZONATION
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AIR HEAT EXCHANGE
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ONCE-THROUGH COOLING
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ONCE-THROUGH COOLING
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METAL FINISHING
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METAL FINISHING
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METAL FINISHING
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METAL FINISHING
Counterflow Rinsing.
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METAL FINISHING
Spray Rinsing
Spray rinse systems may offer significant rinse water
savings. As much as 60% reduction has been claimed
by such systems when compared to immersion tanks.
Spray rinsing should be combined with an automatic
spray system that will reduce the chance of operator
error.
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METAL FINISHING
Membrane Technologies
There are at least four different types of membrane
technologies that include Microfiltration, Ultrafiltration,
Reverse Osmosis and Electrodialysis.
Generally, membrane technology is easy to maintain
and operate.
Pressure is applied to the feed side of the membrane
which causes water and some selected solids to pass
through.
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METAL FINISHING
Ion Exchange
Ion exchange is another common method and it
involves the use of deionized water for removing
contaminants from products and equipment.
Deionized water contains no ions (such as salts),
which tend to corrode or deposit onto metals.
The reuse of once-used deionized water for a
different application should also be considered.
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METAL FINISHING
Electrolytic Recovery
This process removes metal ions from solution,
oxidizes cyanide, and reduces chromium in
wastewaters. Metal ions are reduced at a cathode
while oxygen evolves at an anode.
This method conserves water by keeping a low
metals concentration in the drag-out recovery tank,
minimizing drag-out to the the rinse tank(s). This
method is effective with copper, tin, silver, and other
metals.
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CAFETERIAS AND RESTAURANTS
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LAUNDRIES
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HOSPITALS AND CLINICS
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CLOSED-LOOP VEHICLE
WASHERS
Closed Loop Vehicle Washers
The closed loop vehicle washers are facilities that
completely recycle the wash water used in cleaning
cars, trucks, etc.
Wash water will go through three different treatment
units before being recycled for reuse.
The alpha treatment unit is an oil/water separator.
The beta treatment unit removes fine dirt particles
and any remaining hydrocarbons.
The omega treatment adds ozone to the water before
reuse.
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BATHROOM WATER
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LOW-FLUSH TOILETS
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TOILET DISPLACEMENT DEVICES
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LOW-FLOW SHOWERHEADS
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FAUCETS
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RAIN WATER HARVESTING
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RAIN WATER HARVESTING
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XERISCAPE LANDSCAPE
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XERISCAPE LANDSCAPE
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XERISCAPE LANDSCAPE
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XERISCAPE LANDSCAPE
Efficient Irrigation
Hydrozones: Separate the landscape area plants with
similar water needs in a similar microclimate.
Provide water budget statement estimation.
Design irrigation systems to avoid runoff.
Incorporate electronic controllers with precise
individual timing.
Utilize irrigation-only meters (deduct meters).
Use drip or other low volume irrigation whenever
possible.
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XERISCAPE LANDSCAPE
Soil improvement
•To increase plant health and conserve water, analyze
your soil. If needed, add organic matter to the soil of
shrub and flower bed areas. This increases the soil's
ability to absorb and store water in a form available to
the plant. As a rule-of-thumb, till in 4 to 6 inches of
organic material such as shredded pine bark, peat and
rice hulls. For trees, however, incorporating organic
matter is not necessary; for large turf grass areas, it is
not economically feasible.
Water Conservation 53/66 © Copyright Training 4 Today 2001 Published by EnviroWin Software LLC
XERISCAPE LANDSCAPE
Mulching
Mulch is a layer of nonliving material covering the soil
surface around plants.
Mulches can be organic or inorganic materials.
Use a mulch at least once a year.
A good mulch conserves water by significantly
reducing moisture evaporation from the soil.
Mulch also reduces weed populations, prevents soil
compaction and keeps soil temperatures moderate.
Water Conservation 54/66 © Copyright Training 4 Today 2001 Published by EnviroWin Software LLC
XERISCAPE LANDSCAPE
Water Conservation 55/66 © Copyright Training 4 Today 2001 Published by EnviroWin Software LLC
XERISCAPE LANDSCAPE
Appropriate maintenance
Plant establishment: Provide plant establishment
period of 2-3 years. During this time, all plants should
be sufficiently watered and not be subject to a water
budget.
Provide for the reduction and eventual elimination of
supplemental irrigation for low water / drought tolerant
plants after establishment period.
Appropriate maintenance preserves the beauty of the
Xeriscape landscape plus saves water. Pruning,
weeding, proper fertilization, pest control and irrigation
system adjustments all conserve water.
Water Conservation 56/66 © Copyright Training 4 Today 2001 Published by EnviroWin Software LLC
DEVELOPING A WATER
CONSERVATION PLAN
Company policy statement
Goals
Action Plan
Assigned responsibilities for planned
implementation
Procedures for implementation,
evaluation, and revision
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EDUCATION
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EMPLOYEE PARTICIPATION
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CHECKLIST OF WATER
CONSERVATION IDEAS
For interior plumbing:
1. Do dye-tablet test to check all tank toilets for leaks.
2. Retrofit showerheads with water-conserving hardware.
3. Retrofit faucets to flow at 2 gallons/minute or less.
4. Consider metered, self-closing and automatic sensor
faucets.
5. Retrofit tank-type toilets with dams or water-filled plastic
containers as displacement devices.
6. Consider replacing toilets with “ultra-low” volume models.
7. Retrofit urinals with flush valves that reduce the volume of
water used per flush.
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CHECKLIST OF WATER
CONSERVATION IDEAS
For cooling towers:
1. Prepare an inventory of each cooling tower, its cooling
capability, and the equipment or process it serves.
2. Meter and record the amount of makeup water added to
each tower, and the amount of blow-down water
discharged from each tower.
3. Inventory the chemicals used for the treatment of
recirculating cooling tower water.
4. Tell your chemical vendor(s) that water conservation is a
priority at your facility. Ask your vendor(s) to tell you
about alternate programs that could reduce the amount
of water that is bled-off from cooling towers.
Water Conservation 61/66 © Copyright Training 4 Today 2001 Published by EnviroWin Software LLC
CHECKLIST OF WATER
CONSERVATION IDEAS
For evaporative coolers:
1. Be sure coolers have pumps to recirculate the water
through them.
2. Check to make sure there is not an excessive amount of
water in the coolers. For a typical small cooler, anything
more than a few gallons per hour may be excessive.
3. Pipe the bleed-off from your coolers to help water a
landscaped area.
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CHECKLIST OF WATER
CONSERVATION IDEAS
For once-through cooling:
1. Eliminate all uses of “once-through” cooling unless you
reuse the water elsewhere for a beneficial purpose.
2. Many water-cooled equipment can be replaced with air-
cooled models.
3. Connect a recirculating cooling water loop instead of a
once-through cooling system.
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TIPS FOR USING CONTRACTORS
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ELEMENTS OF A SUCCESSFUL
UST PROGRAM
Water Conservation 65/66 © Copyright Training 4 Today 2001 Published by EnviroWin Software LLC
THE IMPORTANCE OF A
CLEAN ENVIRONMENT
“I would ask all of us to remember
that protecting our environment is
about protecting where we live and
how we live. Let us join together to
protect our health, our economy,
and our communities -- so all of us
and our children and our Carol Browner
grandchildren can enjoy a healthy Former EPA
and a prosperous life.” Administrator
Water Conservation 66/66 © Copyright Training 4 Today 2001 Published by EnviroWin Software LLC