Furnaces

BADIOLA, MA. DENISSE W.

Furnaces
 Derive from Greek word “fornax” which
means oven
 An enclosure in which energy in a
nonthermal form is converted to heat,
especially such an enclosure in which
heat is generated by the combustion of
a suitable fuel.
 An industrial furnace used in extraction of
metal from ore or in oil refineries and
other chemical plants, for example as
the heat source for fractional distillation
or for providing heat to chemical
reactions for processes.
Parts of Furnace
Parts of Furnace
 IGNITER

There are two different types of

igniters used for furnaces: the older
pilot light systems and the newer
electric hot surface igniters. The pilot
light uses a continual connection to
the gas used by the furnace itself,
while the hot surface igniter needs an
electrical current and a filament.
Parts of Furnace

 BURNER

The key objective of a furnace

burner is to burn the fuel as
efficiently as possible and to
produce the optimum heat flux to
the product. It should be noted
that different processes require
different heat fluxes, so a burner is
optimum for one process is not
necessarily suitable for a similar
process
Parts of Furnace

 RADIANT SECTION

It is where the tubes

receives almost all its heat
by radiation from the flame
Parts of Furnace

 CONVECTION SECTION

The convection section is

located above the radiant
section where it is cooler to
recover additional heat. Heat
transfer takes place by
convection here, and the tubes
are finned to increase heat
transfer.
Parts of Furnace
 SHEILD SECTION

The first two tube rows in the bottom of

the convection section and at the top of
the radiant section is an area of bare
tubes (without fins) and are known as the
shield section, so named because they
are still exposed to plenty of radiation
from the firebox and they also act to
shield the convection section tubes,
which are normally of less resistant
material from the high temperatures in
the firebox.
Parts of Furnace
 BRIDGEZONE
The area of the radiant section just before flue gas
enters the shield section and into the convection
section
 CROSSOVER TUBE
A crossover is the tube that connects from the
convection section outlet to the radiant section
inlet. The crossover piping is normally located
outside so that the temperature can be monitored
and the efficiency of the convection section can
be calculated.
The purpose of a cross over tubes on a gas burner
is so that the fire ignited from the main burner can
make contact with the the gas coming from the
other burners.
Parts of Furnace

 BREECHING SECTION AND STACK

The transition from the convection

section to the stack is called the
breeching. By the time the flue gas
exits to the stack, most of the heat
should be recovered and the
temperature is much less.
Parts of Furnace

 STACK DAMPER

The stack damper contained within

works like a butterfly valve and
regulates draft (pressure difference
between air intake and air exit) in the
furnace, which is what pulls the flue gas
through the convection section. The
stack damper also regulates the heat
lost through the stack.
Parts of Furnace

 HEAT EXCHANGER

The heated fluid is circulated

round the whole plant to heat
exchangers to be used
wherever heat is needed
instead of directly heating the
product line as the product
Parts of Furnace
 SOOT BLOWER
Soot blowers are found in the convection
section. As this section is above the
radiant section and air movement is
slower because of the fins, soot tends to
accumulate here.

Soot blowing is normally done when the

efficiency of the convection section is
decreased. This can be calculated by
looking at the temperature change from
the crossover piping and at the
convection section exit.
Parts of Furnace

 DUCTWORK AND FLUE PIPE

Ductwork is responsible for the

distribution of heat from the heated
fluid

Flue pipe is used as an exhaust for

the byproducts of combustion
Types of Furnace

 VERTICAL CYLINDERED  HORIZONTAL CYLINDERED

FIRED HEATER FIRED HEATER
Types of Furnace

 HOOP TUBE CABIN FIRED  VERTICAL TUBE BOX FIRED

HEATER HEATER
Types of Furnace

 HORIZONTAL TUBE BOX

FIRED HEATER
Applications

 Dehydration, Desalination, Stabilization of oil

 In gas naphtha plants, the tube furnaces are used to
heat the byproduct gases
 Heats oil pumped through a pipeline to reduce viscosity
 Used in the processes for obtaining high-quality gasoline
from distillates
 Used in the processing of heavier oil products
 Heat source for distillation pipe still