INTRODUCTION OF STEM

CELL TECHNOLOGY

Presented by

Jhilmil Bhagabati
 Importance of Stem Cell Research

7/13/2019 Dr.JILMIL BHAGABATI

 Stem Cell History
1998 - Researchers first extract stem cells from human
embryos
1999 - First Successful human transplant of insulin-making
cells from cadavers
2001 - President Bush restricts federal funding for
embryonic stem-cell research
2002 - Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation
International creates $20 million fund-raising effort
to support stem-cell research
2002 - California ok stem cell research
2004 - Harvard researchers grow stem cells from embryos
using private funding
2004 - Ballot measure for $3 Billion bond for stem cells

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 Stem Cell – Definition
• A cell that has the ability to
continuously divide and differentiate
(develop) into various other kind(s) of
cells/tissues

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 Stem Cell Characteristics

 ‘Blank cells’ (unspecialized)

 Capable of dividing and renewing
themselves for long periods of time
(proliferation and renewal)
 Have the potential to give rise to
specialized cell types (differentiation)

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 Kinds of Stem Cells
Stem cell
type Description Examples
Cells from early
Each cell can develop
Totipotent (1-3 days)
into a new individual
embryos
Some cells of
Cells can form any (over
Pluripotent blastocyst (5 to 14
200) cell types
days)
Cells differentiated, but Fetal tissue, cord
Multipotent can form a number of blood, and adult
other tissues stem cells
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 Stem Cell Differentiation

7/13/2019 Dr. Hariom Yadav

Princeton University
 Kinds of Stem Cells

Embryonic stem cells come from a five to six-day-old embryo. The

have the ability to form virtually any type of cell found in the hum
body.

Embryonic germ cells are derived from the part of a human embry
foetus that will ultimately produce eggs or sperm (gametes).

Adult stem cells are undifferentiated cells found among specialised

differentiated cells in a tissue or organ after birth. Based on curren
research they appear to have a more restricted ability to produce
different cell types and to self-renew.
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 Blastocyst Diagram

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Princeton University
 Sexual Reproduction

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The Association of Reproductive Health Professionals

 Stages of Embryogenesis

Day 2
2-cell embryo Day 3-4
Day 1
Multi-cell embryo
Fertilized egg

Day 5-6
Day 11-14 Blastocyst
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Tissue Differentiation
Dr. Hariom Yadav
 Derivation and Use of
Embryonic Stem Cell Lines
Isolate inner cell mass
Outer cells (destroys embryo)
(forms placenta)
Inner cells
(forms fetus) Culture cells

Day 5-6
Blastocyst “Special sauce”
(largely unknown)

Heart
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repaired
Kidney Heart muscle
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 Embryonic stem cells

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 Adult stem cells

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 Applications
 Disease
• Diabetes, Spinal
cord injury,
Parkinson’s
disease, heart
disease
 Genetic based
Disease
• Cystic fibrosis,
Huntington’s
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 Unknowns in Stem
Cell/Cloning Research
• It is uncertain that human
embryonic stem cells in vitro can
give rise to all the different cell
types of the adult body.
• It is unknown if stem cells cultured
in vitro (apart from the embryo)
will function as the cells do when
they are part of the developing
embryo

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 Challenges to Stem
Cell/Cloning Research
• Stem cells need to be
differentiated to the
appropriate cell type(s)
before they can be used
clinically.
• Recently, abnormalities in
chromosome number and
structure were found in
three human ESC lines.
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 Challenges to Stem
Cell/Cloning Research

• Stem cell development or proliferation

must be controlled once placed into
patients.
• Possibility of rejection of stem cell
transplants as foreign tissues is very high.

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 Challenges to Stem
Cell/Cloning Research
• Contamination by viruses, bacteria, fungi,
and Mycoplasma possible.
• The use of mouse “feeder” cells to grow
ESC could result in problems due to
xenotransplantation (complicating FDA
requirements for clinical use).

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 Stem cell and cloning
Immune rejection

Somatic cell nuclear transfer

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 What can I do?

BECOME INFORMED! Learn the facts about stem

cell research and its curative potential.

Coalition for the Advancement of Medical Research

www.stemcellfunding.org

Stem Cell Action Network (Education Page)

www.stemcellaction.org

SCAN – Stem Cell Action Network

 Inform Others
• Contact patient and community groups and offer
to give a presentation like this one. Organize a
house party to help spread the word.

• Offer to help someone else give this

presentation.

• Collect email addresses of supporters to be

added to SCAN’s mailing list. SCAN will send
out news bulletins and action alerts about
pending legislation.
SCAN – Stem Cell Action Network
 Inform Others (cont’d)
• Arrange to meet with your political
representatives to discuss their support for stem
cell research.

• Write a letter to the editor of your local paper.

• Find other like-minded people and work together.

Invite friends, colleagues, and caretakers of
patients to become involved.
SCAN – Stem Cell Action Network
 BE SEEN!

BE HEARD!

BE IMPATIENT!

SCAN – Stem Cell Action Network

The future-make hastle slowly
• A perfection of means and confusion of
aims seems to be our major problems
• Albert Einstein

SCAN – Stem Cell Action Network

 Thanks

7/13/2019 Dr. Hariom Yadav

(Time 2.19.01)