MOMENTUM AND ENERGY

MOMENTUM
• Momentum is a quantity defined as the product of
the mass and velocity of an object.
P = mv
M = mass
V = velocity
 UNIT OF MOMENTUM

• The equation illustrates that momentum is directly

proportional to an object’s mass and the object’s
velocity
• The units for momentum would be mass units x
velocity units.
• The standard metric unit of momentum is the
k•m/s.
 MOMENTUM’S PROPORTIONALITY

• From the definition of momentum, it becomes

obvious that an object has a large momentum if
either its mass or its velocity is large.
• Imagine a bowling ball rolling down the lane toward
the pins.
• The more massive the ball, the greater the
acceleration it will impart to the pins.
• Compared with a smaller bowling ball, which imparts less
acceleration to the pins, if rolling toward the pins with the
same velocity, the larger ball has more momentum
• When the bowling ball strikes the pin, the acceleration of
the pins depends on the balls momentum, which is a
product of its mas and velocity
MOMENTUM IS A VECTOR QUANTITY

• Back to the Bowling Ball: to fully describe

the momentum of a 5kg bowling ball,
moving westward at 2 m/s, you must
include both the magnitude and the
direction of the bowling ball’s momentum.
• The direction of the momentum vector is
the same as the direction of the velocity.
MOMENTUM: SAMPLE PROBLEM

• A 2250 kg pickup truck has a velocity of 25 m/s to

the east. What is the momentum of the truck?
P= mv
 CHANGING MOMENTUM

• A change in momentum takes force and time. To stop an

object, it is necessary to apply a force against its motion
for a given period of time.
• The more the momentum an object has, the harder that it
is stop.
Thus, it would require a greater amount of force or a longer
amount of time to bring an object with more momentum to
a halt.
• Example:
In football, the defensive player applies a force
for a given amount of time to stop the
momentum of the offensive player with the
ball.
 CHANGING MOMENTUM

• When the ball is moving very fast, the player must exert a
large force to change the ball’s momentum and bring the
ball to a stop.
Impulse = Change in momentum
• A force is applied to an object to change its momentum
• Impulse – the product of the force, and the time over
which the force is applied
• Impulse = ∆p = (vf – vi)
• Impulse = Momentum Theorem – the impulse
experienced by the object equals the change in
momentum
 IMPULSE = ∆p= M ( VF – VI )
• f= ∆p f = force
∆t ∆p = change in momentum
∆t = time interval
∆p = f ∆t impulse = (force)(change in time)

F = m(Vf – Vi)
∆t
solving for the force needed for an
impulse
SAMPLE PROBLEM: FORCE NEEDED FOR A CHANGE IN
MOMENTUM ( IMPULSE)
A 1400 kg car moving westward with a velocity of 15 m/s
collides with a utility pole and is brought to rest in 0.3 s. find the
magnitude of the force exerted on the car during the collision
M = 1400 kg
Vi = 15m/s to the west
Vf = 0m/s ( it hits the pole )
∆t = 0.3 seconds
F= ?
1. A 2250 kg car traveling to the west is slowed down
uniformly from 20.0 m/s to 5.00m/s in 4.00s. What
constant force acted on the car during this time?
2. How far does the car travel during the deceleration?
d= ½ (vi + vf)t
CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM

• The total momentum of all objects interacting with one

another remains constant regardless of the nature of the
forces between the objects.
 WORK
What does WORK mean to you?
Are you doing WORK when..
Lifting weights?
Walking with a big bag of grocery in your hand?
Completing your homework assignment?
 PHYSICS CONCEPT OF WORK

WORK is done only when a

constant force applied on an
object, causes the object to move
in the same direction as the force
applied.
What is considered as work done in physics?

- You push a heavy shopping trolley for 10 m

- You lift your school bags upwards by 1 m

What is not considered as work done?

- You push against the wall
- Jumping continuously on the same spot
- Holding a chair and walking around the classroom
Work can be calculated by:
Work done = Constant Force x Distance in the direction of
force (m)

W=Fxs

Units:
Work – J
Force – N
S–M
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
You are helping to push your mother’s heavy
shopping cart with a force of 50 N for 200 m.
What is the amount of work done?
W=Fxs
1. Jack put on his bag – pack of weight
120 N. He then start running on level
ground for 100 m before he started to
climb up a ladder up a height of 10m.
How much work was done?
 ENERGY
Energy is the capacity to do work
SI unit: Joule
Many forms
Common Ones:
Kinetic
Potential
Electric
Chemical
Solar
Nuclear
 KINETIC ENERGY

A form of energy that a body in motion possess

A body at rest, will it possess any KE?
- Bullet shot out from pistol
- Helicopter flying at 120km/h
Formula:
Kinetic Energy = ½ x Mass ( Velocity )2
KE = ½ x m x v2
Unit:
KE = J
M = kg
V2 = [ms]2
From the formula, what can you infer about the change in KE?
- Mass doubles KE doubles
- Velocity doubles KE increases by four times
 SAMPLE PROBLEM

A motorcycle accelerates at 2m/s2 from the rest for 5s. Find

the KE of motorcycle after 5s. Mass of Motorcycle is 200 kg.

Velocity of motorcycle after 5s, a = (v – u )

t
V = 2(5) + 0 = 10m/s

KE of motorcycle at 10m/s = ½ x 200 x (10)2

= 10,000 J = 10 kJ
1.Find the KE of an empty van of mass 1000kg moving
at 2m/s
KE of van at 2m/s = ½ x 1000 x (2)2
= 2000 J = 2 kJ
2. Find the KE of van when it is loaded with goods to
give a total mass of 2000kg, and moving at 2m/s
3. Find the KE of unloaded van when it speeds up to
4m/s
THANK YOU!

Prepared by:
CRISEL ABRIOL EDNAVE
BSED – BIOLOGIAL SCIENCE