LINGKUNGAN ETIKA DAN AKUNTANSI

MAKSI-UI
DJONIERI
 Who Are Stakeholders
Shareholders

Activists Employees

Governments Corporations Customers

Suppliers
Creditors

Lenders Others, including

media, etc

2
 ETHICS EXPECTATION
• Company’s activities respects their interests
• Govern the company ethically
• Accountable to stakeholders
• Trustworthy report on corporate performance

3
 Risiko-Risiko Etika
EKSPEKTASI PEMANGKU KEPENTINGAN YANG TIDAK RISIKO-RISIKO ETIKA
DIPENUHI
Pemegang saham
Pencurian, penyalahgunaan dana atau aset konflik Kejujuran, integritas
kepentingan dengan petugas Keterprediksian,
Tingkat kinerja Tanggungjawab
Transparansi pelaporan, akurasi Tanggungjawab, kejujuran
Kejujuran, integritas
Karyawan
Keselamatan Keadilan
Keragaman Keadilan
Tenaga Kerja anak dan/atau buruh dengan upah yang Belas kasihan, keadilan
rendah
Pelanggan
Keselamatan Keadilan
Kinerja Keadilan, integritas
Pecinta Lingkungan
Polusi Integritas, tanggungjawab
LESSON LEARNED: GOVERNANCE
AND ACCOUNTABILITY REFORM
• Enron
• WorldCom
• Arthur Andersen
• The Sarbanes-Oxley Act 2002
– Code of Ethics
• Bapepam-LK Rules
– Code of Ethics
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The Role of Accountant in Business Environment
• Professional accountants owe their primary loyalty
to the public interest, not just to their own
financial interests, company directors or
management, or current shareholders at the
expense of future shareholders.
• Public expects all professional accountants to
respects the professional values of objectivity,
integrity, and confidentiality to protect the
fundamental rights of the public.
• Expectation gap will arise if accountants are seen
to be out of step with standards of ethical
behavior. 6
 Internal Auditing Function and
Corporate Governance

Comparison of Internal Audit (Pre- and Postcorporate

Governance Reforms)
 Internal Auditors as Assurance
Providers
Assurance reports on these measures are currently voluntary,
except for the audit report on economic measures (four basis
financial statements), but internal auditors are well-trained and
positioned to provide numerous assurance services.

Internal auditors, in addition to these voluntary assurance

services, can assist external auditors in their integrated audit of
internal controls and financial statements. (PCAOB Auditing
Standard (AS) No. 2, superseded by AS No. 5)

Internal auditors may assist management in complying with

Section 302 and 404 requirements of SOX by reviewing
management’s certifications on internal controls and financial
statements or providing some type of assurance on the accuracy
of those certifications.
 Internal Auditors as Consultants

Internal auditors can provide a variety of consulting services

to the company’s board of directors, the audit committee,
management, and other personnel at all levels.

1) Consulting services to the board of directors and audit

committee.
2) Consulting services to management.
3) Internal auditor training services.
 Authorities and Responsibilities
of Internal Auditors
The internal audit function should have (1) full and free access
to the company’s audit committee; (2) unrestricted access to
the company’s records, documents, property, and personnel;
and (3) authority to discuss initiatives, policies, and
procedures regarding risk assessment, internal controls,
compliance, financial reporting, and governance processes
with management and other corporate governance
participants.
 INTERNAL AUDIT
OUTSOURCING

The decision of whether to establish and maintain an internal

audit function or outsource the function should be made by the
company’s board of directors and its representatives.

The SEC rule permits internal audit outsourcing to the client’s

independent auditor in the following areas:

1. Operational internal audits that are not related to internal

accounting controls, financial systems, or financial statements.
2. Nonrecurring assessment of discrete items or other programs
unrelated to outsourcing of the internal audit function.
 AUDIT COMMITTEE RELATIONSHIP
WITH INTERNAL AUDIT

The audit committee can contribute to the success of internal auditors and
the achievement of their value-added activities by ensuring that they have
1. Sufficient independence from management by reporting to and being
held accountable to the audit committee
2. Adequate resources, competence, and focus to assess the company’s
operational efficiency, internal control effectiveness, ERM, and reliability of
financial reports
3. Proper knowledge of the company’s corporate governance, internal
control, financial reporting, and audit activities
4. The mechanisms and confidence to bring forward controversial financial
reporting issues
5. A process for communicating directly with the company’s audit
committee on a regular and timely basis
6. Access to the audit committee to discuss concerns related to
management activities, financial reporting risk, and fraudulent financial
reporting
7. Audit committee approval of the budget and staffing of the internal audit
function.
UNIT AUDIT INTERNAL

 Diatur dalam Peraturan Bapepam-LK No.IX.I.7 Tahun

2008 tentang Pembentukan dan Pedoman Penyusunan
Piagam Unit Audit Internal
 Pembentukan Unit Audit Internal bertujuan :
 meningkatkan nilai perusahaan
 memperbaiki kinerja operasional Emiten dan
Perusahaan Publik
 meningkatkan efektifitas manajemen risiko dan tata
kelola perusahaan

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UNIT AUDIT INTERNAL…………IX.I.7

Unit Audit Internal dipimpin • Kepala Unit Audit Internal

Pengangkatan &
• oleh Direktur Utama dengan persetujuan
Pemberhentian kepala Unit
Dewan Komisaris
Audit Internal

Pertanggungjawaban
• kepada Direktur Utama
Kepala Unit Audit Internal

• kepada Direktur Utama dan Dewan

Pelaporan
Komisaris

• disesuaikan dengan besaran dan tingkat

Jumlah auditor dlm Unit
kompleksitas kegiatan usaha perusahaan
Audit Internal
• minimal satu orang auditor internal
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Hubungan Unit Audit Internal dengan Komite Audit dalam
Tugas, Tanggungjawab dan Wewenang

Komite Audit Unit Audit Internal

Peraturan Bapepam No.IX.I.5 Th 2004 Peraturan Bapepam-LK No.IX.I.7 Th 2008

 Melakukan penelaahan atas  Bekerja sama dengan Komite

pelaksanaan pemeriksaan oleh
Audit Internal
 Dalam melaksanakan
wewenang, Komite Audit
bekerjasama dgn pihak yg
melakukan fungsi audit
internal
Audit
 Melakukan komunikasi
secara langsung dengan
Komite Audit
 Mengadakan pertemuan
secara berkala dengan
Komite Audit

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Hubungan Auditor Internal dengan Komite Audit

Direktur Komisaris

Auditor Internal Komite Audit

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 KETERBUKAAN INFORMASI TATA KELOLA EMITEN DAN PERUSAHAAN PUBLIK TAHUN 2008-2010

100.00% 94.30%
93.60%
93.21%
87.56%
90.00%
85.30%
81.00%
80.00%

70.00%

60.00% 57.01%
48.82% 53.44%

50.00%
42.31% 41.94%
39.67%
40.00%
31.99%
28.74%
30.00% 27.38% 26.47%
20.38%

20.00%

10.00%

0.00%
0.00%
Anggota Komite Audit Anggota Komite Audit sebagai Σ Rapat Komite Audit dalam 1 Σ Kehadiran Anggota Komite Jenis Komite Lain Unit audit Internal
Komisaris Independen tahun Audit dalam Rapat 1 tahun

2010 2009 2008

Sumber : Laporan tahunan Emiten dan Perusahaan Publik

Keterangan : untuk Σ Remunirasi Direksi dan Komisaris, Jenis Komite Lain, dan kode etik perusahaan pada tahun 2008 tidak dilakukan perhitungan
Jumlah Emiten: 2008 : 421 2009 : 422 2010 : 442
 EXTERNAL AUDITOR
RESPONSIBILITY
Current auditing standards require that independent auditors
provide reasonable assurance that the financial statements
are free from material misstatements, whether caused by
error or fraud, to render an unqualified opinion on the financial
statements.

External auditors are not and should not be expected to

provide absolute assurance regarding reliability of financial
statements, but the public expectations concerning external
auditors performance are high.

Users of audited financial statements generally expect

external auditors to detect financial statement fraud and
employees’ illegal acts and fraud, which affects the integrity
of financial reports. External auditors, however, are more
concerned with material misstatements in the audited
financial statements.
 Auditor Competency
1. Professional competencies. To audit public companies,
auditors should register with the PCAOB (Bapepam-LK) and
meet all registration and inspection requirements.
2. Technical competencies. Auditors should be knowledgeable
in professional standards, rules, laws and regulations, and
understand their clients’ industry and business, corporate
governance, financial reporting process, and internal
controls.
3. Process competencies. Auditor’s ability to choose
appropriate evidence-gathering procedures (tests of
controls, substantive tests) and execute auditing
procedures.
4. Reporting competencies. Reporting competencies refer to
auditors’ ability and willingness to discover and report
material misstatements.
 Public Company Accounting
Oversight Board
The PCAOB created by SOX to regulate the auditing
profession.

The PCAOB’s primary functions are to:

1. Register public accounting firms that audit public

companies.
2. Inspect the registered public accounting firms on a regular
basis.
3. Establish auditing, attestation, ethics, quality control, and
independence standards.
4. Conduct investigations and disciplinary proceedings.
 Independent Auditors
Communications with the
Audit Committee
Communications from the committee to the Communications from the independent auditor to
independent auditor: the audit committee:

1. Appointment and retention approval of the independent
auditor
2. Formal approval of audit and permissible nonaudit services
3. Formal approval of fees for both audit and nonaudit
services with a keen focus on improving the quality of audit
and nonaudit services
4. Any concerns or risks threatening management’s reputation
and integrity, and etc.
5. Allegations of financial statement fraud
1. Seeking committee preapproval of all audit and nonaudit
services in a timely manner
2. The critical accounting policies and practices used by
management in the preparation of financial statements
3. All alternative treatments of financial information within
GAAP
4. Any accounting disagreements between the independent
auditor and the company’s management
5. Any material written communications between the
independent auditor and the company’s management
throughout the course of the audit
6. Significant deficiencies and material weaknesses of ICFR
7. The audit report on annual financial statements
8. The review report on quarterly financial statements
9. The audit report on management’s assessment of the
effectiveness of ICFR
10. The audit report on the effectiveness of ICFR
11. Financial risks associated with financial reports
 SOX & PERATURAN BAPEPAM-LK
TERKAIT AKUNTAN PUBLIK
Sec. 101-107 Establishment of PCAOB
 independent board to oversee the audit of public companies
in order to protect the interests of investors
 establish auditing, quality control, ethics, independence, &
other standards related to audit reports
 accounting firm must register w/ PCAOB to audit public companies

Tidak ada ketentuan yg setara.

Peraturan Bapepam-LK No. VIII.A.1 th 2008 ttg Pendaftaran Akuntan
yang Melakukan Kegiatan di Pasar Modal a.l. mengatur:
 Akuntan yang melakukan kegiatan di pasar modal harus terdaftar
di Bapepam & memenuhi persyaratan yg ditentukan.
 Akuntan wajib menaati kode etik & standar profesi yg ditetapkan oleh IAPI
& SAK yang ditetapkan oleh IAI
 Bapepam-LK memiliki kewenangan untuk menyetujui, membekukan,
& membatalkan pendaftaran auditor.
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 SOX & Peraturan Bapepam-LK

Sec. 201 Services outside the scope of practice of auditors

 Auditors of any issuer are prohibited to provide to that issuer
any non-audit services
 Preapproval required for certain non-audit services

Peraturan Bapepam-LK No. VIII.A.2 th 2011 – melarang auditor utk memberikan

jasa non atestasi kpd auditeenya pada periode audit yang sama, seperti:
 Pembukuan atau jasa lain yg berhubungan dg catatan akuntansi klien atau LK
 Desain sistem informasi keuangan dan implementasi
 Audit internal
 Konsultasi manajemen
 Konsultasi SDM
 Penasihat keuangan
 Konsultasi perpajakan, kecuali telah mendpt persetujuan Komite Audit
 Jasa2 lain yg dapat menimbulkan benturan kepentingan

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 SOX & Peraturan Bapepam-LK

Sec. 203 Audit Partner Rotation

The lead (or coordinating) audit partner and the reviewing audit
partner can only provide audit services to an issuer max 5 fiscal years

Peraturan Bapepam-LK No. VIII.A.2 th 20118 ttg Independensi

Akuntan yg Memberikan Jasa di Pasar Modal– mengatur
pembatasan penugasan audit. Pemberian jasa audit umum
atas L/K hanya dapat dilakukan oleh KAP max 6 th berturut2 &
oleh Akuntan max 3 th berturut2.
KAP dan akuntan dpt menerima penugasan audit kembali
utk klien yg sama setelah 1 th tdk mengaudit klien tsb.

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 SOX & Peraturan Bapepam-LK

Sec. 206 Conflicts of interest

A public accounting firm cannot provide any audit service to an issuer
if its CEO, controller, CFO, or person in an equivalent position was
employed by the accounting firm during the 1-year period preceding
the audit.

Peraturan Bapepam-LK No. VIII.A.2 th 2011 ttg Independensi Akuntan yg

Memberikan Jasa di Pasar Modal– a.l. mengatur :
Akuntan tdk independen apabila selama periode audit dan selama periode
penugasan profesionalnya mempunyai hub pekerjaan dg klien, spt:
 Mempunyai mantan rekan atau karyawan profesional dr KAP yg
bekerja pd kien sbg karyawan kunci dlm bidang akuntansi & keuangan
kecuali setelah lebih dr 1 th tdk bekerja lagi pd KAP ybs, atau
 Mempunyai rekan atau karyawan profesional dr KAP yg sebelumnya
pernah bekerja pd kien sbg karyawan kunci dlm bdg akuntansi & keuangan,
kecuali ybs tidak ikut melaksanakan audit thd klien tsb dlm periode audit.
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 SOX & Peraturan Bapepam-LK

Sec. 207 Study of mandatory rotation of registered public

accounting firms
A study and review of the potential effects of requiring the
mandatory rotation of registered public accounting firms
shall be conducted.

Peraturan Bapepam-LK No VIII.A.2 tahun 2011 ttg Independensi

Akuntan yg Memberikan Jasa di Pasar Modal– a.l. mengatur tentang
mandatory rotation dari KAP.
Pemberian jasa audit umum atas L/K hanya dapat dilakukan oleh KAP
max utk 6 th berturut2.

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 UNDANG-UNDANG Nomor 5 Tahun 2011
Tentang Akuntan Publik

Beberapa hal pokok yang diatur dalam UU Nomor 5 Tahun 2011:

a.Jasa AP meliputi jasa atestasi & non atestasi. Jasa atestasi hanya dapat
diberikan oleh AP
b.Ketentuan tentang rotasi diatur secara general
c. Izin AP diberikan oleh Menteri Keuangan dan berlaku 5 th.
d. Pembinaan dan pengawasan AP merupakan kewenangan Men Keuangan.
e. Men Keu melimpahkan kewenangan kepada Asosiasi Profesi Akuntan
Publik utk menyusun dan menetapkan SPAP, menyelenggarakan ujian profesi
akuntan publik & PPL, melakukan reviu mutu kpd anggotanya);
f.Menteri membentuk Komite Pertimbangan Profesi AP, yg memberi
g. pertimbangan terkait dugaan pelanggaran AP, SAK & SPAP, & lainnya.
h.Larangan bagi AP utk menjadi Rekan pada > 1 KAP dan larangan rangkap
jabatan
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Green Paper- EU, Oct 2010
Audit Policy: Lessons from the Crisis

..The fact that numerous banks revealed huge losses from 2007 to
2009 on the positions they had held both on and off balance sheet raises
not only the questions of how auditor could give clean audit reports to their
client for those periods but also about the suitability and adequacy of the
current legislative framework…

Issues highlighted:
 Communications by auditors to stakeholders
 Appointment & remuneration of auditors
 Mandatory rotation
 Non audit services
 Fee structure
 Group audits
 Supervision of audit firms
 Concentration & Market structure
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Terima Kasih

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