Tissue biochemistry

Abdul Salam M. Sofro & Yulia S

Faculty of Medicine
YARSI University
Definition of Tissue

An aggregation of
morphologically similar cells and
associated intercellular matter
acting together to perform one or
more specific functions in the
body.
Definition of organ

 A group of tissues that perform a specific

function or group of functions (www.biology-
online.org)
 A differentiated part of an organism, such
as an eye, wing, or leaf, that performs a
specific function
(http://www.thefreedictionary.com/organ).
Widely distributed tissues

 Connective tissue
 Muscle tissue
 Nervous tissue
 Epithelial tissue
 Bone tissue
 Adipose tissue
There are four basic types
of tissue: muscle, nerve,
epidermal, and connective.
Connective tissue
Connective tissue
 is one of the four types of tissue in
traditional classifications (the others being
epithelial, muscle, and nervous tissue .)
 All or most tissues in this category are
similarly:
 Involved in structure and support.
 Derived from mesoderm, usually.
 Characterized largely by the traits of non-
living tissue.
 Blood, cartilage, and bone are usually
considered connective tissue, but because they
differ so substantially from the other tissues in
this class, the phrase "connective tissue proper"
is commonly used to exclude those three.
 Collagen is the main protein of connective
tissue in animals and the most abundant protein
in mammals, making up about 25% of the total
protein content.
Classification

Connective tissue proper

 Areolar (or loose) connective tissue holds
organs and epithelia in place, and has a
variety of proteinaceous fibres, including
collagen and elastin.
 Dense connective tissue (or, less
commonly, fibrous connective tissue ) forms
ligaments and tendons. Its densely packed
collagen fibers have great tensile strength.
Specialized connective tissues
 Blood functions in transport. Its
extracellular matrix is blood plasma,
which transports dissolved nutrients,
hormones, and carbon dioxide in the
form of bicarbonate. The main cellular
component is red blood cells.
 Bone makes up virtually the entire
skeleton in adult vertebrates.
 Cartilage makes up virtually the entire
skeleton in chondrichthyes. In most
other vertebrates, it is found primarily
in joints, where it provides cushioning.
The extracellular matrix of cartilage is
composed primarily of collagen.
 Adipose tissue contains adipocytes,
used for cushioning, thermal insulation,
lubrication (primarily in the pericardium
) and energy storage [fat]
 Reticular connective tissue is a network
of reticular fibers (fine collagen, type III)
that form a soft skeleton to support the
lymphoid organs (lymph nodes,
bone marrow, and spleen.)
Embryonic connective tissues
 Mesenchymal connective tissue
 Mucous connective tissue
Other classification of
connective tissue

 Supporting connective tissue

(Gives strength, support, and protection
to the soft parts of the body)
 Cartilage. Example: the outer ear
 Bone. The matrix of bone contains collagen
fibers and mineral deposits. The most
abundant mineral is calcium phosphate,
although magnesium, carbonate, and
fluoride ions are also present.
 Binding connective tissue
(It binds body parts together)
 Tendons connect muscle to bone. The matrix
is principally collagen, and the fibers are all
oriented parallel to each other. Tendons are
strong but not elastic.
 Ligaments attach one bone to another. They
contain both collagen and also the protein
elastin. Elastin permits ligaments to be
stretched.
 Fibrous connective tissue
(It is distributed throughout the body. It
serves as a packing and binding material
for most of our organs. Collagen, elastin,
and other proteins are found in the matrix).
 Fascia is fibrous connective tissue that
binds muscle together and binds the
skin to the underlying structures.
Elastin is a major protein component.
  Adipose tissue is fibrous connective
tissue in which the cells, called
adipocytes, have become almost filled
with oil. Fibrous and binding connective
tissue is derived from cells called
fibroblasts, which secrete the
extracellular matrix.

 Note: The extracellular matrix of cartilage

and bone is secreted by specialized cells
derived from fibroblasts:
 chondroblasts for cartilage;
 osteoblasts for bone.
Disorders of connective tissue
Various connective tissue conditions have
been identified (can be both inherited and
environmental)

 Marfan syndrome - a genetic disease causing

abnormal fibrillin.
 Scurvy - caused by a dietary deficiency in
vitamin C, leading to abnormal collagen.
 Ehlers-Danlos syndrome - deficient type III
collagen- a genetic disease causing
progressive deterioration of collagens, with
different EDS types affecting different sites in
the body, such as joints, heart valves, organ
walls, arterial walls, etc.
 Loeys-Dietz syndrome - a genetic disease
related to Marfan syndrome, with an
emphasis on vascular deterioration.
 Pseudoxanthoma elasticum - an autosomal
recessive hereditary disease, caused by
calcification and fragmentation of elastic
fibres, affecting the skin, the eyes and the
cardiovascular system.
 Systemic lupus erythematosus - a chronic,
multisystem, inflammatory disorder of
probable autoimmune etiology, occurring
predominantly in young women.
 Osteogenesis imperfecta (brittle bone
disease) - caused by insufficient production
of good quality collagen to produce healthy,
strong bones.
 Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva -
disease of the connective tissue, caused by
a defective gene which turns connective
tissue into bone.
 Spontaneous pneumothorax - collapsed lung,
believed to be related to subtle abnormalities
in connective tissue.
 Sarcoma - a neoplastic process originating
within connective tissue.
Extracellular Matrix

 Collagens
 Elastin
 Proteoglycans & glycosaminoglycans
(GAGs)
 Cell-adhesion molecules (fibronectin,
laminin, others)
Cell Membranes and Extracellular Matrix (ECM)
www.recoveryeq.com/recovery_eq_technical_mono...
KOMPONEN UTAMA

 Protein struktural ( kolagen, elastin,

fibrilin.)
 Protein khusus (fibrillin, fibronektin,
laminin)
 Berbagai proteoglikan ( yg tdd rantai
panjang disakarida yg
berulang/glikosaminoglikan)
KOLAGEN
 Komponen utama pembentuk jaringan ikat.
 Terdapat +/- 19 tipe kolagen yg berbeda dan
tersusun dari +/- 30 rantai polipeptida yg
berlainan
 Struktur kolagen: ( Gly-X-Y)n, dimana
1/3nya ditempati asam amino Glisin
 +/- 100 aa X adalah Prolin
 +/- 100 aa Y adalah hidroksiprolin
 Prolin dan hidroksiprolin memberikan sifat
rigiditas pd molekul kolagen
KOLAGEN

 Berbentuk triple heliks : 3 rantai

polipeptidanya terpilin spt tali
 Jenis kolagen: ada 7-8 jenis gen rantai
polipeptida ( 1 (I), 2, 1 (II), 1(III),
1(IV), 1 (V), 2 (V).
 Molecular biology of Collagen, a major structural protein

Figure ©2000 by Griffiths et al.; All text material ©2005 by Steven M. Carr
ELASTIN

 Bertanggungjawab atas sifat mulur dan

mengkerut scr elastis dlm suatu jaringan
 Bentuknya berupa gelungan acak
 Tdp pd paru, pembuluh drh arteri besar,
bbrp ligamnetum.<< kulit dan kartilago
telinga
 Hanya ada 1 tipe genetik untuk elastin
ELASTIN

 Tidak terdapat struktur berulang

 Tidak mengandung KH, maupun AA
Hidroksilisin.
 Setelah terjadi ikatan silang dlm bentuk
ekstraselnya, elastin mjd sangat tdk larut
dan stabil.
 Peny Sindroma Williams ( kel.
Perkembangan pd jar. Ikat dan SSP)
www.biomed.metu.edu.tr/.../image008.gif
FIBRILIN

 Sebuah glikoprotein berukuran besar ( 350

KDa) yg merupakan komponen struktural
mikrofibril.
 Disekresikan oleh fibroblas
 Peny Sindroma Marfan:
 Mutasi gen u/ fibrilin, autosom dominan
 Dislokasi lensa ( ektopia lentis)
 Hiperekstensibilitas sendi, aracnodaktili,
dilatasi aorta desendens
FIBRONECTIN

 Adalah protein yang menghubungkan sel

dengan serabut kolagen di matriks ekstrasel,
memungkinkan sel bergerak di matriks
ekstrasel.
 Fibronectin mengikat kolagen dan integrins
permukaan sel, menyebabkan reorganisasi
sitoskeleton sel dan memfasilitasi pergerakan
sel.
 Fibronectins disekresi oleh sel dalam bentuk
terurai
 Bila mengikat integrins molekul
fibronectin terbuka sehingga dapat
membentuk dimer dan berfungsi.
 Fibronectins juga membantu di tempat
jejas dengan mengikat trombosit selama
penggumpalan darah dan memfasilitasi
pergerakan sel ke area yang terkena
selama penyembuhan luka.
LAMININ

 Adalah protein yang dijumpai di lamina

basal semua hewan
 Laminin membentuk jejaring seperti
struktur jaring yang menahan daya tarik di
lamina basal.
 Juga membantu dalam adhesi sel dan
mengikat komponen matriks ekstrasel lain
seperti kolagen, nidogen dan entactin.
PROTEOGLIKAN

 Merupakan protein yang mengandung

glikosaminoglikan dgn ikatan kovalen
(sindekan, betaglikan, agrekan dll)
 Pada matriks ekstraseluler berikatan baik
dengan kolagen maupun elastin.
GLIKOSAMINOGLIKAN

 Glikosaminoglikan : polisakarida tak

bercabang yg tersusun dari mol.
Disakarida berulang dimana salah satu
komponennya selalu AA.
 As. Hialuronat, kondroitin sulfat, keratan
sulfat I dan II, heparin, heparan sulfat,
dermatan sulfat)
 Peny Mukopolisakaridosis
CELL ADHESION MOLECULES
(CAM)
 Kebanyakan CAMs termasuk dalam 4
keluarga protein: Ig (immunoglobulin)
superfamily (IgSF CAMs), integrins,
cadherins dan selectins.
Muscle tissue
 Muscles contain 3 types
of protein fibers:

 microfilaments,
 microtubules, and
 intermediate filaments
 Microfilaments are polymers
composed of globular unit monomers
called actin.
 Microtubules are polymers composed
of two monomers, α and β tubulin.
These monomers contain the
nucleotide guanine instead of adenine.
They are involved in many cellular
processes including mitosis,
cytokinesis, and vesicular transport
 Intermediate filaments contain other
polymers such as keratin and don't
contain nucleotides in their monomers.
They compose structures inside cells but
are more familiar in external forms such
as hair, nails, horns and scales
 Organization of Contractile Proteins in Muscle

Thick Composed of hundreds of long, contractile myosin molecules

Filament arranged in a staggered side by side complex.

Thin Composed of a linear array of hundreds of globular, actin

Filament monomers in a double helical. arrangement.

The unit of contractile activity composed mainly of actin and

Sarcomere
myosin and extending from Z line to Z line in a myofibril.

Myofibril End to end arrays of identical sarcomeres.

A single multinucleate muscle cell containing all the usual cell

Myofiber
organelles plus many myofibrils.

Muscle Organized arrays of muscle fibers.

Diagrammatic breakdown of a typical muscle. Shows how actin thin filaments and myosin thick filaments are arranged to form
the myofilaments of a sarcomere, continuing with the formation of myofibrils from many myofilaments.
Myofibril
Actin & myosin
 Myosin is one of the most abundant
proteins in the human body.
 It is found in all the body's muscle
types, in the ears and eyes, in the blood
platelets, and is used in cytokinesis.
 Because of all the diverse functions of
myosin, it can be grouped into
anywhere from seven to fourteen
unique categories. These categories
are grouped by the properties of the
head domains of the myosins.
 The most common type of myosin is
myosin class II. This is the type present
in muscle tissues.
 Class II myosin is used to contract
muscle tissue, thereby giving an
organism mobility. Myosin II has this
function due to its complex
configuration. Myosin II also plays a role
enzymatically as it is an ATPase.
 Myosin II is a component of the
myofibers in skeletal, smooth, and
cardiac tissue
Nervous Tissue

 Supportive connective tissue cells

 Neuroglia support and protect neurons
in the CNS. Specific glial cells are
phagocytes; others myelinate neuron
processes in the CNS or line cavities.
 Schwann cells myelinate neuron
processes in the PNS
 Neurons
 All neurons have a cell body containing
the nucleus and processes (fibers) of two
types; (1) axons (one per cell) typically
generate and conduct impulses away from
the cell body and release a
neurotransmitter, and (2) dendrites (one to
many per cell) typically carry electrical
currents toward the cell body.
 Most large fibers are myelinated; myelin
increases the rate of nerve impulse
transmission.
Schwann cells myelinate neuron processes in the PNS
Bone Tissue
http://images.google.co.id/imgres?imgurl=http://chrischamcl.files.wordpress.com/2009/10/osteoporos
 Bone is formed through a lengthy
process involving ossification of a
cartilage formed from mesenchyme.
 Two main forms of ossification occur in
different bones, intramembranous (eg
skull) and endochondral (eg vertebra)
ossification. Ossification continues
postnatally, through puberty until mid 20s
http://images.google.co.id/imgres?imgurl=http://www.roche.com/pages/facets/11/bone_remodelling2
http://kcampbell.bio.umb.edu/December01/Bone2.gif
 Osteoblasts manufacture bone and are
derived from mesodermal in origin, arising
from multipotential mesenchymal cells and
further differentiate into bone-lining cells and
osteocytes.
 Osteoclasts resorb bone and are derived
from hematopoietic precursor cells formed by
the fusion of monocytic cells at the bone sites
to be resorbed.
 The marrow of bones is the site of
haematopoiesis, the generation of blood
cells. At birth nearly all bones are a
source of blood cells, this is restricted
with postnatal development to a few
specific bones. Pluripotential stem cells
reside in the marrow and are a self
renewing source of stem cells or
commitment to a progenitor cell.
Bone matrix and marrow
 The organic matrix of bone consists of:
 95% Type I collagen
 5% proteoglycans and noncollagenous
proteins (osteopontin and osteocalcin).
Epithelial Tissue
epithelium is a tissue composed of
cells that line the cavities and surfaces
of structures throughout the body.

Epithelium lines both the outside (skin)

and the inside cavities and lumen of
bodies. The outermost layer of our skin is
composed of dead stratified squamous,
keratinized epithelial cells.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epithelial_tissue
Types of epithelium

Epithelial cells are often arranged in broad sheets or tube-

like structures. Epithelium is commonly found on the
surfaces of the body and organs, and the lining of body
cavities, tubes, and ducts - the boundary between the
body's internal and external environments.
Epithelial tissues are physically separated from
underlying connective tissues by a basement
membrane (also called the basal lamina).
 Epithelial tissues contain no blood
vessels. Cells receive nourishment by
diffusion from a highly vascular area of
loose connective tissue just below the
basement membrane called the
lamina propria.
 Epithelial tissues are derived from all
three primary germ cell layers:
 Ectoderm: The epithelial cells of the skin
and oral cavity (epidermis) are derived
from ectoderm. Epithelial cells covering
the cornea and lens, as well as sensory
receptors of the eyes, ears, and nose, are
also ectodermal in origin.
 Mesoderm: The epithelial lining of blood
vessels (endothelium) is derived from
mesoderm. The epithelial lining of the
pleural and peritoneal cavities
(mesothelium) also originate from
mesodermal cells.
 Endoderm: The epithelial lining of the
respiratory system and digestive tracts
- as well as the functional cells
(parenchyma) of the liver, pancreas,
gallbladder, thyroid, and parathyroid,
are derived from endoderm.
Functions

 Barrier
 Absorption
 Secretion
 Sensory
 Contractility
Adipose Tissue
 Adipose tissue or fat is loose
connective tissue composed of
adipocytes. Its main role is to store
energy in the form of fat, although it also
cushions and insulates the body
 Two types of adipose tissue exist:
 white adipose tissue (WAT) and
 brown adipose tissue (BAT).
Brown adipose tissue
Adipose tissue with microvessels
 Adipose tissue also serves as an
important endocrine organ by producing
recently-discovered hormones such as
leptin, resistin and the cytokine TNFα.
The formation of adipose tissue appears
to be controlled by the adipose gene.
Subcutaneous adipose tissue