A

Technical Seminar
On
OVERVIEW OF SUBSTATION
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of degree
BY
N.PAPAIAH (18705A0218)
II B.TECH I-SEM
Under The Esteemed Guidance Of
Mr. P.PAMULETAIAH, M.Tech.,
Assistant Professor
DEPARTMENT Of EEE

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

ANNAMACHARYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCES
(AUTONOMOUS)
(Affiliated to J.N.T UNIVERSITY ANANTAPUR);
RAJAMPET-516 126(A.P)
2018-2019
 Contents
• Introduction
• Need for substation
• Classification of substation
• Equipments used in substation
a)Busbars
b) Insulators
c) Transformers
d) Switch gear
e) Indicating and metering equipment
f) Protective Relays
g) Lightning arrestor
h) Fire fighting equipments
• Advantages
• Disadvantages
• Applications
• Conclusion
 Introduction
• Now-a-days the electrical power is generated at Generating stations which is
located at favourable places, generally far away from the consumers.
• The electrical power delivered to the consumers from generating stations
through a large network of transmission and distribution.
• At many places of the transmission lines it is desirable and necessary to change
some characteristics (eg. Voltage, A.C to D.C conversion, frequency, power
factor etc.,) of electric supply.
• It can be achieved by suitable apparatus called "substation".
 Need For Substation
•• Electrical power is generated at generating stations, these stations which are located
far away from the different consumers.
• As we know that, there is no storage device for electric power.
• Hence the generated power must be conveyed to the consumer premises with less
transmission and distribution losses.
•• we need a special apparatus system which changes the characteristics of electric
supply from one to another is called substation.

•
 Classification of Substation

• Type of Function
1. Distribution
2. Power factor
3. Frequency changer
4. Extra high voltage transmission
5. Industrial
• Type of control
1. Manual
2. Automatic
3. Supervisory (or) Remote
• Type of Design / location
1. Indoor
2. Outdoor
3. Underground
• On the basis of operating voltage
1. High voltage substations (H.V. substations) between 11 kv & 66 kv
2. Extra high voltage substations (EHV substation) between 132 kv and 400 kv
3. Ultra high voltage substations operating voltage above 400 kv
 Equipments Used in Substation

• The equipments used in substations are mainly depend upon the type Of substation,
service requirement and the degree of protection desired.
• However, in general, substation has the following main equipments.
1. Bus-bars
2. Insulators
3. Transformers
4. Switch Gear
5. Indicating and metering equipment
6. Protective relays
7. Lightning arrestors
8. Fire fighting equipment etc.
 Busbars

• Bus-bars terms is used for a bar (or) conductor carrying an electric current to which
many connections may be made.

• When a number of lines operating at the same voltage have to be directly

connected electrically, bus-bars are used as the common electrical component.
 Insulators

• The insulators serve two purposes. They support the conductors and confine the
current to the conductors.

• There are several types of insulators used in substations depending upon the
service requirement namely

1. Pin type
2. Suspension (or) strain (or) disc type
3. Post insulator
4. Bushing etc.
 Transformer
• A power transformer is used in a substation to step up (or) step down the voltage.
• All the power transformers except at generating station are step down transformers
which reduce the voltage rating of electric supply and finally delivers to the
utilization level of the consumers.
• The function of instrument transformers is to transfer voltages (or) currents in the
power lines to convenient values for operation of measuring instruments and relays.
• There are two types of instrument transformers, namely
1. Current Transformer (C.T.)
2. Potential Transformer (P.T.)
 Switch gear
• Switching apparatus is required for controlling and protecting the equipments
during normal and abnormal conditions.
• Switch Gear equipments used in substations generally comprises of following,
namely
1. Isolators
2. Airbreak switches
3. Circuit breakers
4. Fuses etc.
 Indicating and Metering Equipment

• Ammeters, voltmeters, power factor meters, wattmeters, kwh meters, kvar

meters are installed in the substations to control and maintain a watch over
the currents flowing in the circuits and over the power loads.
 Protective Relays

• A protective relay is a device which detects the fault and initiate the operation of the
circuit breaker to isolate the defective element from the rest of the system.
• In substations the following protective relays are mainly used, namely
1. Over current Relays
2. Earth fault Relays
3. Buchholz Relay
4. Differential Relays
 Lightning arrester
• A lightning arrester is a protective device which conduits the high voltage
surge on the power system network to the ground.
• Lightning arrester will perform the following functions under different
conditions,
1. During normal operation conditions, the lightning arrester is OFF the line,
I.e., it will not allow any current to earth.
2. During the over voltage occurrance, the air insulation across the gap breaks
down and an arc is formed, providing a low resistance path for the surge to
the ground. In this way excess charge on the line due to the surge is
conducted to the ground through the lightning Arrester.
 Fire fighting equipments
• Generally the substations are provided with an adequate capacity of fire fighting
equipments.
• Fire fighting equipment installed are
1. Cylinders of carbon dioxide
2. Sand and water buckets
• All the fire fighting equipments are placed conveniently and painted with Red color
paint for the purpose of easy identification.
 Advantages
 Flexible operation
 Fast response operating equipments
 To measure electrical quantities
 High Reliability
 Any breaker can be removed for maintenance without interrupting
load
 Some devices works on automatically.
 Simple operation
 Disadvantages
 High cost equipments.
 Excessive damage in case of internal faults.
 Diagnosis of internal faults and rectifying takes very long time.
 SF6 causes ozone depletion and global warming .
 Failure of bus or any circuit breaker results in shutdown of entire substation.
 Line breaker failure takes all circuits connected to that bus out of service.
 If a single set of relays is used, the circuit must be taken out of service to
maintain the relays.
 Applications
• control of power supply
• Step up or step down
• Consumer required levels of electrical apparatus
• Switching purpose
 Conclusion
• Electrical power is generated at generating stations, these stations which are located
far away from the different consumers.
• As we know that, there is no storage device for electric power, hence the generated
power must be conveyed to the consumer premises with less transmission and
distribution losses.
• In order to fulfil the above conditions, we need a special apparatus system which
changes the characteristics of electric supply from one to another is called
"substation"
 References
• www.google.com
• www.wikipedia.com
• www.slideshare.com