PHILOSOPHICAL

REASONING
 Philosophical Reasoning
-Aristotle-Man is rational being.
-Rationality sets us apart from beast.
Example: To buys car or finance education.
(Argument will make you become a
persuasive person)
 Tripartite Soul by Plato
1. Rational/Logical- Seeks to find the
truth is based on facts and
arguments. Example: Bacon or
vegetables.
 Tripartite Soul by Plato
2. Spirited/Emotional- How feelings
fuel your actions. Example: Honor,
Duty and Loyalty.
 Tripartite Soul by Plato
3. Appetitive/Physical Desires- Eat, sex,
protect yourself. Temptations.
Best human beings are ruled by their
rational soul. Reason should be at the
driver seat.
 Bertrand Russel
Condition: Shave all men.
Rules:
1. Barber must shave all men who do
not shave themselves.
 Bertrand Russel
2. Barber must not shave any man who
does shave himself.
Does the barber shave himself ? All
must be included in the rule.
 Answer
All men who shave themselves has to
include every guy who shaves himself
including the barber. Barber cannot exist
without including himself in the rule.
 What is a good argument?
1. Deductive argument.
Premise-True
Premise-True
Conclusion-True
Valid & True Deductive Argument
P1-All humans are mortal.
P2- Socrates is a human.
C-Socrates is mortal.
 Not Valid but True
P1-All humans are mortal.
P2-Socrates is a human.
C-Socrates is Plato’s teacher.
Note: Validity is not the same with truth.
 Invalid
P1-All cats are mammals.
P2-Im a mammal.
C-Im a cat.
Note: Premise entail the conclusion but not
true.