INTRODUCTION

What is Biology?
 Scientific study of life Structure
of
organism
&
Interaction functions
between
living
organism & its
environment
& also with Interaction
other between living
organism organism & its
environment &
also with other
organism
SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION
Identifying problem - Observe phenomenon & identify variables

Forming hypothesis
- Statement about an observed event
- Includes variables & relationship with each other.

Planning experiment
Identify & controlling variables
- Manipulated – factor that causes observable phenomenon
- Responding – dependent variable. Result obtain though changes of
manipulated variables
- Constant – factors that must be kept constant throughout the experiment

Conducting experiment  Collecting data  Recording data 

Analysing & interpreting data  Making conclusion  Writing
a report
MARKING SCHEME FOR PAPER 3
(spm 2007)
&
REPORT WRITING FOR PEKA
The following aspects must be
included for writing a report
 Objectives
 Problem statement
 Hypothesis
 Variables
 Materials & apparatus
 Technique
 Procedure
 Result
 Discussion
 Conclusion
Q1(a) Able to list all materials/apparatus labelled in Diagram 1 correctly (2M
& 5A =3m)

Materials Apparatus
2% sodium hydrogen 60W bulb
carbonate solution
Hydrilla sp. Ruler
Boiling tube
Paper clip
Retort stand
Table lamp
Stop watch
Q1(b) Able to record all 4 readings for the total number of bubbles released in
5 minutes correctly. (correct pairing=3 m)

Distance between light Total number of bubbles

source and Hydrilla released in 5 minutes
sp./cm
60 10

50 12

40 15

30 20
 (Horizontal
1(c)(i) observation)
Able to state two different observations correctly. (3m)
At a distance of 60 cm, the total number of bubbles released is 10.
At a distance of 30 cm, the total number of bubbles released is 20.

OR

(Vertical observation)
The nearer the distance between the light source and Hydrilla sp.,
more bubbles are released.
The further the distance between the light source and Hydrilla sp.,
less bubbles are released.
1(c)(ii) Able to make two inferences correctly .
Note: Inference must match observation (3m)
At a distance of 60 cm, the light intensity/rate of photosynthesis is
low/less.
At a distance of 30 cm, the light intensity/rate of photosynthesis is
more/high.

OR

The nearer the distance between the light source and Hydrilla sp.
the faster the rate of photosynthesis.
The further the distance between the light source and Hydrilla sp.,
the slower the rate of photosynthesis.
1(d) Able to state all 3 variables and the 3 methods to handle the variable. (3
marks)
Variable Method to handle the variable
Manipulated variable Carry out the experiment at
Distance between light source and Hydrilla various/different distance of
sp./Light intensity 60cm,50cm,40cm and 30cm OR carry out
the experiment at different light intensity.

Responding variable (Apparatus must mentioned)

Total number of bubbles released in 5 By using a stop watch count//record the
minutes //Rate of photosynthesis total number of bubbles released in 5
minutes//Using a formula number of
bubbles divide by time taken.
Constant variable
Time taken to count the total number of Fixing a time of 5 minutes.
bubbles released. Use the same piece of Hydrilla sp./Use the
Size/type of plant. same plant/Hydrilla sp.
Concentration/volume of sodium Fix/Use the same concentration at
hydrogene carbonate 2%/volume at 50 ml.
solution/Concentration of CO2 Fix/use the power at 60w
Power of bulb Fix the temperature at room temperature
Water temperature or 270C-400C.
1(e) Able to state a hypothesis relating the manipulated
variable (MV) and responding variable (RV).
As the light intensity increases the rate of photosynthesis
increases.
OR
As the light intensity decreases the rate of photosynthesis
decreases.
OR
As the distance between the light source and Hydrilla sp. decreases
the total number of bubbles released increases.
OR
As the distance between the light source and Hydrilla sp. increases
the total number of bubbles released decreases.
OR
As the light intensity increases the total number of bubbles
released increases OR inversely
1(f)(i) Able to construct a table, state 3 titles with units correctly, record all
the data correctly and calculate and record light intensity correctly.(3m)
Distance
between
light source 60 50 40 30
and Hydrilla
sp.
Number of
bubbles
released in 10 12 15 20
5 minutes

Light
intensity/
cm-1 0.017 0.020 0.025 0.033

Fraction is not acceptable

1(f)(ii) Able to draw the graph correctly. (3m)

P: Correct title with unit on both horizontal and vertical axis.

T: All points plotted correctly

B: Able to join at least 2 points to form a smooth graph,

correct and uniform scale on the axis
1(g) Able to interpret data correctly and explain with the following aspects:
(3m)
When the light intensity increases the total number of bubbles
increases. (State the relationship between MV and RV)
The rate of photosynthesis increases. (State the explanation of
increases)
Therefore more gas/oxygen is produced.(Able to give reason)
1(h) Able to predict the outcome of the experiment correctly.
(3m)
The total number of bubbles released by the two sprigs of Hydrilla
sp. increases/double/is 40 because they have more leaves and the
rate of photosynthesis increases.

OR

The total number of bubbles released by the two sprigs of Hydrilla

sp. is 20/remain the same because the concentration of carbon
dioxide or Sodium hydrogen solution is the same/is a limiting
factor and the rate of photosynthesis is the same.
1(i) Able to define operationally based on the result of the
experiment. (3m)
Photosynthesis is a process where Hydrilla sp. in a sodium
hydrogen carbonate solution produces bubbles and the number of
bubbles released is influenced by light intensity.
Question 2: Planning an experiment.
Problem Statement:(3m)
What is the effect of the temperature on the rate of anaerobic
respiration in yeast?

The aim of the investigation:

To investigate the effect of temperature on the rate of anaerobic
respiration in yeast.

Hypothesis:
As the temperature increases the rate of anaerobic respiration in
yeast increases. OR inversely
OR
The higher the temperature, the higher the rate of anaerobic
respiration. OR inversely
Variables:
Manipulated variable:
Temperature OR Temperature of the water bath.

Responding variable:
The rate of anaerobic respiration in yeast OR
The height of the coloured liquid in the manometer/capillary tube
OR
The number of bubbles released after 10 minutes OR
The time taken for lime water turns chalky.

Constant variable:
Concentration/volume of yeast suspension OR
Concentration/volume of glucose/lime water OR
pH value/time taken to count the number of bubbles released OR
Mass/types of yeast/temperature of the surrounding.
List of apparatus and materials:(3m)

Apparatus:
Boiling tube, manometer/capillary tube/test tube, stopwatch,
Water bath/beaker/basin/thermometer, stopwatch, marker/thread,
rubber stopper/cork, ruler, rubber tubing/delivery tube, retort
stand with clamp and measuring cyclinder.

Materials:
Yeast suspension/yeast, glucose solution/sugar/sucrose/starch.
Diagram for experiment:
Procedures:(3m)
1)Set up the apparatus as shown in diagram.
2)Place the boiling tube in a beaker of ice for 5 minutes.
3)Fill the boiling tube with 15 cm3 of yeast suspension.
4)Start the stopwatch and mark the level of coloured liquid in the
manometer after 10 minutes.
5)Record the height of the coloured liquid in the manometer in a
table.
6)Repeat step 1,3,4 and 5 placing the boiling tubes in water baths at
temperature 20oC, 30oC, 40oC and 50oC.
7)Make sure all the joints of the apparatus are air-tight.

Technique:
Using a ruler record the change in height of the coloured liquid.
Using a stopwatch record no. of bubbles release/volume of gas
collected after 10 minutes/record time taken for lime water to turn
chalky.
Presentation of data:(3m)
Temperature(oC) 20 30 40 50

Change in height of coloured liquid (cm)

OR
Time taken for lime water to turn chalky
(minutes)

Rate of anaerobic respiration in yeast

(cmmin-1) OR min-1(for lime water only).

Leave it empty since no data is required.

Conclusion:

As the temperature increases the rate of anaerobic respiration in yeast

increases. The hypothesis is accepted.

(Refer to the hypothesis and rewrite the hypothesis. If the hypothesis is

proven wrong, must write the correct hypothesis and follow up with the word
“The hypothesis is rejected”)
 Cell structure
&
cell organisation
CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION
 Basic units of living organism
 Living component of a cell is called the protoplasm.
 Protoplasm consists of cytoplasm & nucleus
 Protoplasm is surrounded by plasma membrane.
 Cytoplasm contains structure called organelles which
perform specific functions….
Cellular Structure Function
component
Plasma membrane Encloses the •Forms boundary that separates the
content of cell, content of content of cell & outer
semi permeable. environment.
•Selective barrier
Cell wall Rigid outer layer •Give shape to a plant cell.
that surrounds the •Provide mechanical strength & support
plasma membrane for plant cell
of the cell.
Fully permeable
Cytoplasm Jelly like matrix Act as medium for biochemical
that contains reactions in the cell.
organic &
inorganic
substances
Cellular Structure Function
component
Nucleus Enclosed by nuclear •Contains genetic info that determines
membrane. characteristic & function of cell.
Contains nucleoplasm •Controls activity of the cell
& nucleolus
Vacuole Fluid-filled sac. Fluid is •Storage place in a cell
called cell sap. •Cell sap provides support for herbaceous plant.
Mitochondria Small, spherical shape •Site for cellular respiration.
•Energy released is stored in the form of ATP
Ribosome Attached to rough Synthesised protein
endoplasmic reticulum
or cytoplasm.
Lysosome Membrane-bound sacs •Contains hydrolytic enzyme to digest complex
molecules.
•Eliminate damaged organelle.
Golgi Stack of membranous •Processes carbohydrate, protein & glycoprotein
apparatus sacs from ER.
•Products are sorted by Golgi apparatus &
packaged into vesicles.
•Vesicles then release the contents outside the
cell
Cellular component Structure Function
Endoplasmic reticulum Network of folded •RER transport protein
a) Rough endoplasmic membranes. made by ribosome
reticulum (RER) RER has ribosome •SER is the site of lipid
b) Smooth endoplasmic attached to its surface. synthesis & detoxification
reticulum (SER) of drugs & toxin.
Centrioles Located just outside of Form spindle fibres
nucleus during cell division in
animal cell.
Chloroplast Disc shaped organelle Carry out photosynthesis
that contains chlorophyll