ARRANGE ME

P!
H
T YS H
P O TI H ES ES PI YS

It can be tested verifiable or falsifiable. presents

the expected relationship between an
independent and dependent
 R
C EI H
S C
E A
P R
T R
C O
H
R
T O
S A
P EI C
E
The first challenge of any researcher
and an intellectual stimulus calling for an
answer in the form of scientific inquiry.
 B
F A C
T K
H G
U R
E O
S U N
T D
Y

O
N F
B T
C H
K E
R S
O T
O U
G D Y
D
This part of research includes information
which would focus attention on the
importance and validity of the problem.
 ES Y
U H
R A
V R
E U
Y
E
R E S ES V
A R C R
H
used to gather information from groups of
people by selecting and studying samples
chosen from a population. It may be done in
various ways like face-to-face, phone, mail, and
online.
 V
S A R
E I A V
B L B
E R
S
anything that may assume varied numerical or
categorical values.
SI NI QI U EI R QI E
N SI
a term that is synonymous with the word
“INVESTIGATION”, is the answer to this
question.
LEARNING FROM OTHER STUDIES AND
REVIEWING THE LITERATURE
Ralph Evander Idul, LPT
 The Importance of Related
Theories and Concepts
A theoretical framework can be thought of as a
map or travel plan (Sinclair, 2007). In the same
paper, Sinclair (2007) added that at the start of
any research study, it is important to consider
relevant theory underpinning the knowledge
base of the phenomenon to be researched.
Review of Related Literature
It is an evaluative report of information found in
the literature to your selected area of the study.
The review should describe, summarize, evaluate
and clarify this literature. It should give a
theoretical base for the research and help you
determine the nature of your research.
Review of Related Literature

Works which are irrelevant should be

discarded and those which are
peripheral should be looked and
critically.
 Functions of Review of
Literature and Studies
1. To provide justification of the study.
2. To identify gaps, problems and needs of
related studies.
3. To provide rationale of the study as well as
reasons of conducting the study.
4. To have basis that will be used to support
findings of the study.
 Characteristics of the
Materials Cited
Sarno (2010) enumerated the different
characteristics of the literature and studies to be
cited in the present study:
• The materials must be as recent as possible,
may be 10 years back.
• Materials must be as objective and unbiased as
possible.
 Characteristics of the
Materials Cited
• Materials must be relevant to the study.
• Coherence principle must be observed in
writing literature review.
 Research Design
The research design refers to the overall strategy
that you choose to integrate the different
components of the study in a coherent and logical
way, thereby, ensuring you will effectively address
the research problem; it constitutes the blueprint
for the collection, measurement, and analysis of
data.
 Research Design
The function of a research design is to
ensure that the evidence obtained
enables you to effectively address the
research problem logically and as
unambiguously as possible.
 Research Design
In social sciences research, obtaining information
relevant to the research problem generally entails
specifying the type of evidence needed to test a
theory, to evaluate a program, or to accurately
describe and assess meaning related to an
observable phenomenon.
 Research Design
With this in mind, a common mistake made by
researchers is that they begin their investigations
far too early, before they have thought critically
about what information is required to address the
research problem.
 Research Participants
Researchers that plan to use human subjects in
their research design have a series of issues that
will need to be addressed as the project moves
forward. Some of these issues include where to
find research participants, how to recruit them,
how to incentivize them, and how to ensure their
rights are not violated just to name a few.
 Research Instruments
One of the most important components of a
research design is the research instruments
because they gather or collect or information. The
research instruments or tools are ways of
gathering data. Without them, data would be
impossible to put in hand.
 Data Gathering Procedure
Types of data gathering procedures:

• Data Mining- this procedure is simple. You can

easily find many resource materials where data
and numerical figures are already tallied and
presented. Data mining is simply an already
published set of data.
 Data Gathering Procedure
Types of data gathering procedures:

• Interviewing- another example of a data

gathering procedure. One benefit that you can
get from this process is that you can actually
gather raw and reliable data direct from you
subjects.
 Data Gathering Procedure
Types of data gathering procedures:

• Surveying- actually gathering responses from

subjects through a written medium. You will be
distributing paper questionnaires for your
subjects to answer.
 Validation of Instruments
These guidelines are written in a very clear, easy
to follow way so anyone can apply them.
Consistency is the utmost important when
performing the validation of an instrument. The
goal of the established guidelines is to make sure
that all equipment is up to spec before any work is
done.
 Data Analysis
It is a systematic approach to investigations during
which numerical data is collected and the researcher
transforms what is collected or observed into numerical
data. It often describes a situation or events; answering
the ‘what’ and ‘how many’ questions you may have
about something. This is research which involves
measuring or counting attributes.
 References
Book / PDF

King, M. (2000). Wrestling with the angel: A life of a

Janet Frame. Aucland, New Zealand: Viking.
 References
URL

King, M. (2000). Retrieved from: www.

Massinfluence.com. Aucland, New Zealand:
Viking.
CHAPTER 1: Problem and
its Background
• Background of the Study • Review of Related Literature
• Statement of the Problem
• Hypothesis
• Theoretical Framework
• Significance of the Study
• Conceptual Paradigm
• Scope and Limitations
• Definition of Terms
 CHAPTER 2: Methodology
• Research Design
• Research Participants
• Research Instrument
• Data Gathering Procedure
• Validation of Instrument
• Data Analysis
• Ethical Considerations