Nomenclature Organic nomenclature is based on a class of compounds known as alkanes Contain only carbon and hydrogen All carbon atoms are sp3 hybridized
Nomenclature International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) has established the system We will refer to names derived from this system as systematic nomenclature or IUPAC nomenclature (shown in blue) Additional names such as isopentane and neopentane are common names (shown in red) A compound may have more than one name BUT a name must specify only one compound
IUPAC Systematic Nomenclature - Alkanes 3. Number in the direction that gives the lower number for the lowest-numbered substituent. Substituents are listed in alphabetical order – neglecting prefixes such as di- tri- tert- etc.
IUPAC Systematic Nomenclature - Alkanes 4. When both directions yield the same lower number for the lowest numbered substituent, select the direction that yields the lower number for the next lowest numbered substituent
IUPAC Systematic Nomenclature - Alkanes 5. If same substituent numbers are obtained in either direction, number in direction giving lowest number to the first named substituent
IUPAC Systematic Nomenclature - Alkanes 6. If compound has two or more chains of the same length, parent hydrocarbon is chain with greatest number of substituents
IUPAC Systematic Nomenclature - Alkanes 7. Names such as sec-butyl and tert-butyl are acceptable, but systematic substituent names are preferable Numbering of the substituent begins with the carbon attached to the parent hydrocarbon This number together with the substituent name is placed inside parentheses
Alkyl Nomenclature A primary carbon is one that is bonded to only one other carbon, frequently represented by 1 A primary hydrogen is attached to a primary carbon
Alkyl Nomenclature A secondary carbon is one that is bonded to two other carbons, represented by 2, also by sec- or s- A secondary hydrogen is attached to a secondary carbon
Alkyl Nomenclature A tertiary carbon is one that is bonded to three other carbons, represented by 3, also by tert- or t- A tertiary hydrogen is attached to a tertiary carbon
Nomenclature of Cycloalkanes 1. Ring is the parent hydrocarbon unless the alkyl substituent has more carbons; in that case the substituent becomes the parent hydrocarbon If only one substituent, no need to give it a number
Nomenclature of Cycloalkanes 3. If there is more than one substituent, list in alphabetical order; one substituent is given the position number 1; number either clockwise or counterclockwise - lowest numbers