Introduction to

TCP/IP

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 What Is TCP/IP?

• A suite of protocols
• Rules that dictate how packets
of information are sent across
multiple networks
• Addressing
• Error checking

CSE: Networking Fundamentals—TCP/IP www.cisco.com © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 3-2

 IP

• Internet Protocol (IP)

– Determines where packets are routed
based on their destination addresses
– Breaks packets into smaller packets
and reassembles them

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 TCP/IP Applications
• Application layer
– File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
– Remote Login (Telnet)
– E-mail (SMTP)
• Transport layer
– Transport Control Protocol (TCP)
– User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
• Network layer
– Internet Protocol (IP)
• Data link & physical layer
– LAN Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI, etc.
– WAN Serial lines, Frame Relay, X.25, etc.
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 TCP/IP Transport Layer

21 FTP—File Transfer Protocol

23 Telnet
25 SMTP—Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
37 Time
69 TFTP—Trivial File Transfer Protocol
79 Finger
103 X400
161 SNMP—Simple Network Management Protocol
162 SNMPTRAP
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 TCP Transmission Control
Protocol

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 UDP User Datagram Protocol

• Unreliable
• Fast
• Assumes application will retransmit on error
• Often used in diskless workstations

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 ICMP Ping

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 IPv4 Addressing

• 32-bit addresses
• Commonly expressed in dotted
decimal format (e.g., 192.168.10.12)
• Each “dotted decimal” is commonly
called an octet (8 bits)

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 IP Addressing—Three Classes

• Class A: NET.HOST.HOST.HOST
• Class B: NET.NET.HOST.HOST
• Class C: NET.NET.NET.HOST

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 IP Addressing—Class A

• 10.222.135.17
• Network # 10
• Host # 222.135.17
• Range of class A network IDs: 1–126
• Number of available hosts: 16,777,214

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 IP Addressing—Class B

• 128.128.141.245
• Network # 128.128
• Host # 141.245
• Range of class B network IDs:
128.1–191.254
• Number of available hosts: 65,534

CSE: Networking Fundamentals—TCP/IP www.cisco.com © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 3-12

 IP Addressing—Class C

• 192.150.12.1
• Network # 192.150.12
• Host # 1
• Range of class C network IDs:
192.0.1–223.255.254
• Number of available hosts: 254

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 IP Network Address Classes
Class # Networks # Hosts Example

A 126 16,777,214 01111111 00000000 00000000 00000000

B 16,384 65,534 10111111 11111111 00000000 00000000

C 2,097,152 254 11011111 11111111 11111111 00000000

Class A 35.0.0.0 Host Address Space

Class B 128.5.0.0
Class C 132.33.33.0 Network Address Space

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 IP Subnetting

• Subnets allow routing

by ranges

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 IP Subnet Mask

Given:

Address = 131.108.2.160

Subnet Mask = 255.255.255.0

Subnet = 131.108.2.0

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 IP Address Assignment

• ISPs assign addresses to customers

• IANA assigns addresses to ISPs
• CIDR block: bundle of addresses

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 IPv6 Addressing

• 128-bit addresses
– 340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,768,211,456 addresses

• Example: 5F1B:DF00:CE3E:E200:0020:0800:5AFC:2B36
• Example: 0:0:0:0:0:0:192.1.1.17

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 Summary

• TCP/IP is a suite of protocols

• TCP/IP defines communications between
computers on the Internet
• IP determines where packets are routed based
on their destination address
• TCP ensures packets arrive correctly
at their destination address

CSE: Networking Fundamentals—TCP/IP www.cisco.com © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 3-19

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