DATA COMMUNICATIONS &

NETWORKS

DICKY FIRMANSYAH
DOMINUS MARIO P R
EVAN PRS
NIKO ARDIAN
TAUFAN RAMADHAN

D. IV TEKNIK PESAWAT UDARA

11 B
Data communications

Data communications (DC) is the process of using computing and

communication technologies to transfer data from one place to another.
It allows us to work at home, at the office, or anywhere telephone lines and
other communication lines are available.
APPLICATIONS

What is videotext?
Videotex (or "interactive videotex") was one of the earliest implementations
of an end-user information system.
Videotex allows you to get up to date information on your computer or tv
screen on entertainment, news, weather, sports, movies, games, restaurant,
cars, food and just about anything.
CARRIERS AND COMMUNICATION DEVICES

Carrier is any system used to transmit data from one location to another. The
capacity of a carrier is normally measurd in bits of information transmitted in
one second.
Data can be transmitted in three ways:
- Simplex = the data can only flow in one direction
- Half duplex = the data can flow in both direction, but it can only flow in one
direction at one time
- Full duplex = data can flow in both directions at the same time. This is like
using your phone
What actually carries the data from one
location to another?
The actually transmission takes place over wire pairs, wire cables, coaxial
cables, microwave transmission, communication satellite, submarine cables,
laser and fiber optics and high frequency radio transmission.
One of the newer and more promising data transmission media is satellite. A
satellite is basically a microwave station placed station placed in outer space.
The advantage of satellite communication is that it can transmit data over longer
distance.
Such problem as the cultivature of the earth, mountains, and other
structures that block the line of sight microwave transmission make satellites
attractives.
 Another promising carrier is fiber optics. The major advantages of fiber
optics compared to traditional copper wires are size and speed. Some
transmission that take almost an hour over copper wirescan actually be sent
through optical fibers in under one second.
A number of companies are starting to use fiber optics to their advantage.
For example, MCI Communication Corp. will start linking major cities using fiber
optics.
CLASSIFYING CARRIERS

Carrier are classified according to capacity or daa transfer rate. Voice grade
channels are the telephone lines we use to talk with other people. Voice grade
lines have speeds ranging from about 100 to 200 characters per second. Voice
grade lines can also carry illustrations and pictures called facsimile transmission
(FAX).
A subvoice grade channel has a slower transfer rate. Also called narrow band
channels, the lines have transfer speeds that range from 10 to 100 characters per
second.
The fastest carriers are the broad band or wide band channels. A dedicated
line or channel, also called a leased line, is one that carries data for only one
customer.
 Carriers can also be classified as synchronous or asynchronous. With
synchronous transmission, the sending and receiving devices are synchronous or
coordinated so both devices work together
Synchronous transmission is used for high-speed transmission. With
asynchronous transmission, the sending and receiving devices are not
coordinated.
PROVIDERS OF CARRIERS AND SERVICES

The organizations supplying communications services are called data

communication carriers. They are classified as common carriers and special
purpose carriers
The common carriers are primarily the telephone companies. American
Telephone & Telegraph Co. (AT&T) is one of the largest companies providing
communication carriers for a fee.
General Telephone and Electronics Corporation (GTE), western Union
Corporation, ITT World Communications, Inc., United Communications and TRT
Telecommunications Corp. comstat is primarily involved in maritime and
international communications using satellites. MCI Communications Corp. is
another example of a specialized carrier.
COMMUNICATION DEVICES

To communicate data over carriers and channels, a device is needed at the

sending end to transmitterd over a carrier, such as a telephone line
Them other device is needed at the receiving end to translate from an
analog signal to a digital signal
Translating data from digital to analog is called modulation, and translating
data from analog to digital is called demodulation. Thus these devices are
modulation/demodulation devices, or modems
If data is sent over long distances, the analog signal can become weak and
disorted. To avoid this, amplifiers are used. When the digital mode is used over
long distances, a repeater is used to receive and then transmitter the signal.
CONCENTRATORS AND MULTIPLEXER

Because carriers or channels are expensive, devices have been developed

that can take several signals and put them on one channel or line. These devices
include multiplexers and concentrators.
A multiplexer takes several data communications lines or signals and
converts them into one data communications line or signal at the sending
location. Basically, there are two types of multiplexers.
A time division multiplexer (TDM) take multiple incoming signals and slices
them into small time intervals. The statiscal time division multiplexer is an
advanced version of the TDm. With a frequency division multiplexer (FDM), the
incoming signals are placed on different frequency range and sent across the
data communications carrier at the same time.
 A concertrators performs the same function as a multiplexer, but
concentrators can actually reduce the number of signals. The signals are
concentrated to form a fewer number of signals. This requires intelligence.
This intelligence normally takes the form of microprocessors or even
minicomputers. In addition to modems, multiplexers and concentrators, special
communication processors have been developed.
Also called front end processors because they are in front of and before the
main processors, these communications processors handle communications to
and from a central processor.
COMMUNICATIONS SOFTWARE

How are computers and related device actually able to send information
across data communications lines ?
Data communications software is the glue that holds all data
communications system together. Its instructs computer systems and devices as
to exactly how the data is to be transferred from one place to another.
Data communications software provide a number of important functions.
Most data communications software packages provide error checking, massage
buffering, and message formatting. Polling, which is the process of seeing If
there are message from remote devices, is also done by most data
communications software products.
Data communications software can also develop a log listing all jobs and
data communications tasks that have taken place. Providing data security and
privacy is also built into most packages.
 Data communications allows personal computers to be connected to large
computer systems. There are three possible connections;
1. the personal computer can be made to act like a dumb terminal.
2. information can be downloaded to or uploaded from the personal
computer.
3. structured information data from data bases and other software packages
can be downloaded to and uploaded from the personal computers.
NETWORK

A network is a logical extension of a data communications system. A network

is two or more processors or computers connected with carriers and data
communications devices.
There are four major network configurations:
1. Point to point network
2. Hierarchial network
3. Star network
4. Ring network
1. Point to point network
2. Hierarchial network
3. Star network
4. Ring network
LAN (Local Area Network)
 Another exciting development in data communications is the Local Area
Network (LAN). While data communications systems attempt to connect
computer systems at remote locations, the overall objective of a local area
network is to connect computer systems and devices in the same geographical
area.
Typically, Local Area Networks are wired into Buildings.
In many cases, an organization will use some sort Hybrid Network. Hybrid
network is simply a combination network. The Hybrid Network will have
components of point to point, ring, star or hierarchical network.
CENTRAL PROCESING

The large central processing unit (CPUs) are the center and heart of the
American express computer ystem located in the southeren regions operation
center. These large processored handle all of the arthicmetic computations,
decisions to be made during the executions of a program, and overall control of
the computer ayatem. American express employs central processing device that
represent some of the most advanced technology developed to date.
The processor actually use the periodically updated to reflect the latest
technology available in the computer industry and to allow for increased business
and enhanced services to customers. At this time, there are two large IBM
computer system, with 64 megabyte of main storage each.
 In addition to the main processor used for development and database
processing, there are other processors that range from personal computers and
small computers to large processors that handle a number of other jobs,and
other computer system used for communications and control.
PERMANENT STORAGE

The primary means of storing data on a permanent basis for American

Express are disk devices. These devices are able to acces data in 30 to 50
millisecond. At the present time , over 200 disk drivers are connected online to
the computer system to provide immediate accces to the data base.
American Express also maintains large tape library. There are over 45,000
reels magnetic tape in this particular library that can be accesed by
approximately 40 tape drives.
Data contained on magnetic tape can also act as backup for data contained
on disk drivers. About 85 percent of tape usage is for sequntail processing, and
about 15 percent is backup for disk devices.
INPUT AND OUTPUT

The main processor at the Southern Region Operation Center have more than
5,000 terminals that are connected and online. Aproximately 3,000 of these
terminal devices are located in the Ft. Lauderdale area.
Each terminal operator has an indentification number and a personal
password. These identification number and paswords limits the terminal operator
to what he or she has been trained and authorized to do.
Printers provide a major from output from the American Express coputer
facilities at the southern region operatorns center. More than 30 remotepronting
devices are used for various purpose. At this speed, it would be possible to print
this entire book in a few minutes. The chapter you are currently reading could be
printed by a laser printer in just a few short seconds.
 Constantly used printers are always In need of paper and new ribbons,
Handling ribbons can be a dirty job, and the paper itself causes a fine paper
dust. To prevent this dirt and dust from interfering with the operation of other
computer componenets, a sparate room has been constructed for the printing
devices.
On the average , the Southern Region Operations center receives from
600,00 to 900,00 ROCs and SOCs per day. A ROC is a record of a charge(purchase
slip) , and a SOC is a summary of charges from a service or business
establishment. How are these document processed?. How is the data entered
into the computer system.
 The is also need to need to sort and classify the ROCs and SOCs . This is
currently being done with a multimillion-dollar system that ca handle
approximately 1,800 document per minute.
In addition to the special purpose equipment that is associated with
processing ROCs and SOCs, American Express uses other Special purpose
equipment of example many aiports now have American Express dispensers that
allow card holders to obtain Travelers’s Cheque.
DATA COMMUNICATIONS

Thousand of terminals are connected to the computers at the southern

region operations center, many of these terminal are located at distant locations,
such as nweyork and phoenix. Furthermore, computersystem and devices that
are thousands of miles apart are connected. How is this done? The answer is data
communications.
At SORC, one large computer system is used to handle and facilitate all of
the data communications. This computer then channels all processed
communications into a second computer, which acceses the data base, Almosts
all of the communicatons processed at the sothern region operations center get
funnelled thorh this firt large computer system.