PRESENTATION ON

DISASTER MANAGEMENT:

BY

BRIG (Dr) B.K. KHANNA,

SENIOR SPECIALIST (LCD)
NATIONAL DISASTER
MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY
 PREVIEW
1. Disturbing Trends of Disasters and their Impact on India.
2. Factors Responsible for Increasing Number of Disasters.
3. Lessons Learnt from Recent Disasters.
4. Disaster Management Cycle.
5. Hazard Vulnerability of India.
6. Disaster Management Act, 2005.
7. Charter and Vision of NDMA.
8. Organisation of NDMA.
9. National Disaster Response Force.
10. Role of Armed Forces in Disaster Management.
11. Conclusion.
 DISTURBING TRENDS OF
DISASTERS
AND

THEIR IMPACT ON INDIA

DISTRIBUTION OF NATURAL DISASTERS
ALASKA

CHINA
USA
JAPAN

INDONESIA
INDIA

AREA-WISE EVENTS (1975-2001)

IMPACT OF MITIGATION & PREPAREDNESS MEASURES
ALASKA

CHINA
USA
JAPAN

INDONESIA
INDIA

DISTRIBUTION OF PEOPLE AFFECTED BY DISASTER (1975-2001)

 GLOBAL ECONOMIC LOSSES DUE TO DISASTERS

Losses
in US $
Billion
1960’s 1970’s 1980’s 1990’s
PERIOD
Note : 1. UN Declared the decade of 1990-1999 as International Decade
for Natural Disaster Reduction.
2. Losses 1995-1999 - Developed World – 2.5% of GDP.
- Developing World – 13.4% of GDP.
*Source www.em-dat.net
 LOSSES DUE TO MAJOR EARTHQUAKES
(>6 ON RICHTER SCALE) IN JAPAN & USA
(2003 - 2005)
No of Killed Injured Houses
Earthquakes Destroyed Damaged

JAPAN
Ten 34 1048 > 496 >3553
USA
Seven 02 59 >55 >235
 MAJOR DISASTERS IN INDIA : 1990 - 2005
YEAR PLACES & DISASTER LOSS OF LIVES LOSS OF PROPERTY
(APPROX) ( Rs Crore) (APPROX)
1991 Uttarkashi Earthquake 2000 2000
1993 Latur Earthquake 9500 6000
1997 Jabalpur Earthquake 200 5000
1999 Chamoli Earthquake 2000 2000
1999 Orissa S Cyclone 9887 10000
2001 Bhuj Earthquake 14000 13400
2004 SE India Tsunami 15000 10000
2004 Assam & Bihar Floods 700 5000
2005 J&K Avalanche 350 100
2005 Mah, Guj, HP, Floods 1569 10300
Karnataka, T’Nadu
2005 J&K Earthquakes 1336 1000
Total Losses of Major Disasters only 56542 64800

1. If Average Annual Lives Lost are Added, Figure Will go to More than
2. Adding Average Annual Losses, the Figure Will be More than
 INDIA
ECONOMIC LOSSES DUE TO DISASTERS
90
80 86
70
60
50 54
Losses in 40
Thousand 30 36

Crores
20
50 % 139 %
10
0
91 - 95 96 - 00 '01 - 05

PERIOD

Annual- Impact on People Annual- Financial Losses

1. Losses in lives - 4334. Percentage of Central Revenue
2. People affected - 30 Million. (for relief) – 12%.
3. Houses lost - 2.34 Million.
 FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR
INCREASING NUMBER OF
DISASTERS

 Population Growth and Urban

Development
 Development Practices
 Climatic changes
 Effect of Environmental degradation
POLAR ICE CAPS
ARE MELTING
FASTER THAN
EVER…
MORE AND MORE
LAND IS BEING
DEVASTATED BY
DROUGHT…
RISING WATERS ARE
DROWNING LOW-
LYING
COMMUNITIES…
 VICIOUS CYCLE
BURNING FOSSIL
FUELS
INUNDATING LOW
AND BURNING COASTAL AREAS
FORESTS RELEASE
CARBON
GLOBAL
WARMING
REDUCES OXYGEN MELTING POLAR
AND INCREASES ICE RAISES SEA
DROUGHT LEVELS

NOW IT IS VERY MUCH EVIDENT THAT CLIMATE

DISRUPTIONS FEED OFF ONE ANOTHER IN
ACCELERATING SPIRALS OF DESTRUCTION.
LESSONS LEARNT
FROM THE RECENT
DISASTERS
 HURRICANE KATRINA (US)
DIVISION OF RESPONSIBILITY
“The country’s Emergency Operations awesome in their potential, are also
frighteningly inter dependent. Locals are in charge till they get
overwhelmed. Then they cede control to Feds but not entirely. The Scarier
things get, the fuzzier the lines of Authority become-------Uncertainty
develops at crucial moments-------Leaders are afraid to actually Lead.---”
TIME, 19 September 2005

Hurricane
Impact
(Law & Order)
Loss of
Property and CHAOS
Lives
Early warning Overwhelmed
Response State Federal
24 48 72 96
Preparedness
Fed + State Response (Fed + State )

IN HURRICANE RITA THE FEDERAL GOVT GOT INVOLVED FROM THE WARNING STAGE.
 BANGLADESH - A SUCCESS STORY
IN PREPAREDNESS & RESPONSE
CYCLONES – AREA – COX BAZAAR
500000 500,000
450000
400000
350000

300000
250000
200000 Even when
Losses 150000 Population
138,000 had doubled
of 100000
Lives 50000 127111
0
Remarks 1970 1991 1994 1997
1. Losses of lives shown for Cyclones with equal Intensity.
2. Success as a result of well defined Responsibilities and Coordinated & Efficient Response
Mechanism.
Existed on Paper But,
Enforcement Lacking.

Most Crucial Responder -

NOT Formally Part of
Response Plan.
Technological Shortfall -
Many Lives Could have
Been Saved.
 NATURAL DISASTERS – LESSONS LEARNT
1. Mitigation Systems Require Manifold Improvement & should
be “Technology Driven”.
2. Weakness in “Early Warning Systems” and Dissemination
of Information to Far Flung Areas.
3. Decision to Provide Aid :-
(a) Slow because of Procedures.
(b) Request from States not backed by Proper
Assessment.
4. States Organizations – Not Geared to Guide & Receive Aid.
5. Disaster Response Resources at State Level –
Very Inadequate.
 NATURAL DISASTERS – LESSONS LEARNT

6. Non Availability of Specialist Equipment,

(Incl Mobile Field Hospitals).
7. Assistance from NGOs NOT Coordinated & Optimised.
8. People - Principal Actors -- Focused Public Awareness
Campaign a Must.
9. Post Disaster Relief & Reconstruction - Lot of GAPS.

10. Positive Lesson -- Role of the Armed Forces

DISASTER MANAGEMENT CYCLE

Emergency Response

Disaster

Preparedness Response/Relief

Prevention/ Rehabilitation
Mitigation

Reconstruction
Pre-disaster: risk reduction
Post-disaster: recovery
 WHAT IS A DISASTER?
DISASTER is an event which is –
-generally unpredictable,
-happens instantly or without giving enough time to react
-affecting a large number of people,
-disrupting normal life and leading to a large scale
devastation in terms of loss of life and property
-always finding the administration and affected people
struggling to respond in the desired manner and
-leaving deep socio-psychological, political and economic
after effects which persist for a long time to come.
CLASSIFICATION OF DISASTERS
 Natural, Man-made & Human-
induced
 Disasters occur in varied forms
 Some are predictable in advance

 Some are annual or seasonal

 Some are sudden and unpredictable

 Factors leading to a Disaster

 Meteorological, Geological, Ecological or
Environmental, Technological Etc.
 NATURAL DISASTERS

 Floods
 Earthquakes
 Cyclones
 Droughts
 Landslides, Pest Attacks, Forest
Fires, Avalanches etc
 TIME DURATION OF NATURAL
DISASTERS

Earthquakes -> Seconds/minutes

Cyclones -> Days
Floods -> Days
Droughts -> Months
 DISASTER MANAGEMENT CONTINUUM
DISASTER MANAGEMENT

MITIGATION RESPONSE LONG TERM

MEASURES

Risk Analysis Rescue

Prevention Preparedness
Rehab

Vulnerability Warning and

Structural Evacuation Reconstruct.
Analysis Relief
Measures &
Planning of Recovery
Hazard Note
Assessment Disaster
Non-Structural
Response Being done efficiently
Measures
Risk Needs better Planning
Assessment No Substantial Work
done so far
 HAZARD
VULNERABILITY
OF INDIA
 EARTHQUAKE HAZARD ZONES 2002

Zone V MM IX or more IV
“ IV MM VIII
“ III MM VII
V
IV
Zone II MM VI
V
“ I MM V or less
together now make V
Zone II MM VI or less
III
Area under the zones
V 12%
IV 18%
III
III ~27%
Total damageable
~ 57%
V
 WIND &
CYCLONE
HAZARD
ZONES IN
INDIA
 FLOOD
HAZARD
PRONE
AREAS
OF
INDIA
LANDSLIDES
ZONATION
MAP
OF
INDIA

Severe Risk Area

High Risk Area

Moderate Risk Area

Unlikely Occurrence
 1

10

17

3
*Even though affected only by Drought but suffers heavy
Financial Losses averaging Rs. 3 to 8 Thousand Crores, Annually.

*Types: Earthquake, Cyclone, Tsunami, Flood, Drought & Landslide.

 DISASTER MANAGEMENT ACT, 2005

“In order to Coordinate Central Govt efforts in

Preparedness, Prevention, Response, Mitigation, Relief
and Rehabilitation and for adoption of a Holistic
Pro-active Approach to Disaster Management, a
NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY has
come into being by an Act of Parliament in December
2005 under the Chairmanship of Prime Minister as the
NODAL AGENCY for Disaster Management in the
Country.”
 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT STRUCTURE
GOVT OF INDIA

PLANNING CABINET COMMITTEE ON

COMMISSION
NDMA
SECURITY
/ NEC
CABINET COMMITTEE ON
MHA NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF DISASTER MANAGEMENT OF NATURAL
MANAGEMENT
CALAMITIES
OTHER MINISTRIES/ NATIONAL DISASTER RESPONSE FORCE HIGH LEVEL COMMITTEE
DEPARTMENTS
NATIONAL DISASTER MITIGATION RESOURCE NATIONAL CRISIS MANAGEMENT
CENTRE
ARMED FORCES COMMITTEE

STATES/ UTs GOVTs

DEPARTMENT MINISTRIES/ HOME GUARD POLICE
SDMAs DEPARTMENTS
OF HOME CIVIL DEFENCE FIRE SERVICES
STATE DISASTER
RESPONSE FORCE

DISTRICTS
DDMAs DEPARTMENTS HOME GUARD CIVIL DEFENCE POLICE & FIRE SERVICES

COMMUNITY LOCAL BODIES/ AUTHORITIES COMMUNITY

CHARTER – NDMA
AND

VISION
 CHARTER
1. The ‘National Authority’ shall have the responsibility for
laying down Policies, Plans and Guidelines for Disaster
Management for ensuring Timely and Effective
Response to disasters (Both Natural & Man Made).
2. Coordinate the Enforcement and Implementation of the
Policy and Plans for Disaster Management.

Plan Approve Coord Monitor Ensure

Implementation

3. International Assistance and Cooperation.

 VISION
“The National Vision is, to build a Safer and Disaster
Resilient India, by developing a Holistic, Proactive,
Multi-hazard and Technology-Driven Strategy for DM.
This will be achieved through a Culture of Prevention,
Mitigation and Preparedness to generate, a prompt and
efficient Response at the time of Disasters. The entire
process will Centre-Stage the Community and will be
provided Momentum and Sustenance through Collective
efforts of all Government Agencies and Non-
Governmental Organisations.
 NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY
CHAIRMAN
CABINET COMMITTEE
(PRIME MINISTER)
CABINET COMMITTEE ON MANAGEMENT OF
ON SECURITY NATURAL CALAMITIES
VICE CHAIRMAN

POLICIES, PREVENTION, MITIGATION & PREPAREDNESS

MR. K.M. Mr B Mrs. P.J RAO LT. GEN. MR. M.K. MR. M. S. REDDY MR. NVC MENON
SINGH BHATTACHARJEE JRB
MEMBER MEMBER MEMBER MEMBER
MEMBER MEMBER MEMBER

NATIONAL EXECUTIVE
SECRETARY NDMA
COMMITTEE

CAPACITY BUILDING, COMMUNICATIONS & NEOC WING DISASTER MANAGEMENT WING

NATIONAL DISASTER MITIGATION RESOURCE CENTRES NATIONAL

INSTITUTE OF
DISASTER
MANAGEMENT
NATIONAL DISASTER RESPONSE FORCE
 DISASTER MANAGEMENT WING

Financial Policies & Mitigation & International Media & Public

Advisor Plans Preparedness Cooperation Preparedness

Project Media & Community

Accounts Project
Finance Policies Plans Formulation & Information Preparedness
& Audits Monitoring
Preparedness
 CAPACITY BUILDING, COMMUNICATIONS & NEOC

NEOC & CAPACITY BUILDING COMMUNICATIONS,SYS & KM

Operations & Logistics Capacity Building Communications Systems & KM

Knowledge
Strategic IT &
Control Coordina Scenario Operational Logistics Management
Logistics Planning Systems
Room tion Building Commns Network & IDRN
& Policy
Network
NATIONAL DISASTER
RESPONSE FORCE
 NATIONAL DISASTER RESPONSE FORCE
• NDRF consists of 8 battalions, with 144 self sustaining teams for rendering
effective response to any threatening disaster situation or disaster.
• Four battalions are for natural disasters and four for NBC.
• NBC battalions will also be trained in combating natural disasters.
• The force will be equipped with State of the Art equipment and will be
deployed in anticipatory manner to provide instantaneous response.
• It will work under NDMA and will be located at nine vulnerable locations.
• They will maintain close liaison with the State Governments and will be
available to them automatically, thus, avoiding long procedural delays.
• Four Training Centres have been set up by PMF to train their respective NDRF
Battalions.
• They will also meet the requirement of States/ UTs.
• NDRF Battalions will impart basic training to State Disaster Response Force in
their respective locations.
NDRF BNS – REGIONAL MITIGATION RESOURCE CENTRES
(RMRCS) & TRAINING CENTRES

PATNA (SSB)
½ CHANDIGARH
½ Bn GUWAHATI
Bn
Each GR. NOIDA

KOLKATA
GANDHINAGAR
BHUBANESHWAR
PUNE
HYDERABAD
LATUR

NAGPUR CHENNAI

LEGEND
NDRF BNs/ RMRCs
TRAINING CENTRES
APEX TRAINING CENTRE
 CONSTITUTION OF SPECIALISED SEARCH
AND RESCUE TEAM
Team Commander
(Inspector)

2 IC/ Ops Officer

(Sub Inspector)

Tech. Medical
Team A Team B Team C Team D Dog Squad
Support Support
(6) (6) (6) (6) (3)
(6) Team
(3)

Adm. Support Team

(7)

Total – 45 Personnel
 CONSTITUTION OF SEARCH AND RESCUE TEAM FOR
NBC EMERGENCIES
Team Commander
(Inspector)

Information Dy Team Safety

Officer Leader Officer
(Sub Inspector) (Sub Inspector) (Sub Inspector)

Detection &
Tech. Rescue Rescue Deconta-
Assessment Medical Unit
Support And and mination
Cum
Evacuation Evacuation Team
Evacuation (6)
(4) Team (6) Team (6) (6)
Team (6)

Adm. Support Team (7)

Total – 45 Personnel
 “For Development to be
Sustainable,
Disaster Mitigation Must be
Built Into
The Planning Process”
 “EVERY DISASTER
MUST BE TREATED
AS
AN OPPORTUNITY
TO BUILD BACK BETTER”
TAKE IT
TAKE IT DON’T
ON
ON PASS IT
ON
 HAZARD
A dangerous condition or events that threaten or have the potential for
causing injury to life or damage to property or the environment.
Hazards are basically grouped in two broad headings:
• Natural Hazards (hazards with meteorological, geological or biological
origin)
• Unnatural Hazards (hazards with human-caused or technological
origin)
Natural phenomena are extreme climatological, hydrological, or
geological, processes. A massive earthquake in an unpopulated area, is
a natural phenomenon, not a hazard. But when these natural
phenomena interact with the man made habitat, they may cause wide
spread damage. Then, they become hazard
 VULNERABILITY

Vulnerability is defined as "The extent to which a

community, structure, service, or geographic area is
likely to be damaged or disrupted by the impact of
particular hazard, on account of their nature,
construction and proximity to hazardous terrain or a
disaster prone area.“
• Physical vulnerability – weak buildings, bridges, service
lines, lifeline structures, production units etc.
• Social & Economic vulnerability
Human losses in disasters in developing countries are
seen to be higher when compared to developed countries.
 RISK
Risk is a measure of the expected losses (deaths, injuries,
property, economic activity etc) due to a hazard of a
particular magnitude or Intensity occurring in a given area
over a specific time period.
• Exposure: the value and importance of the various types of
structures and lifeline systems (such as water-supply,
communication network, transportation network etc in the
community serving the population)
 HAZARD –
VULNERABILITY-
RISK –
DISASTER
 LESSONS LEARNT – HURRICANE KATRINA
“ And any time you break that cycle of Preparing, Responding, Recovering and
Mitigating, you are doomed to failure. And the policies and decision that were
implemented by DHS put FEMA on a path to failure.”
-Michael Brown,Director,FEMA
General
1. The Foremost Lesson - all Facets of Disaster Cycle should be under one Agency
and not split among Multi-facet Authorities.
Mitigation & Preparedness
2. State’s Sovereignty be maintained in all Phases of Disaster Cycle.
3. Creating Culture of Preparedness at Community level.
4. Integrated Approach (of the Civil and Military efforts) for Preparedness. Coopt
Armed Forces in Disaster Response Plan.
5. Removal of Red Tapism and Bureaucratic Approach. US National Response Plan
is elaborate but Failed to Deliver. Need to Rewrite Rationale Response Plan to
include, conduct of mock drills periodically, state-of-the-art system in supply
chain management of relief supplies and inventory tracking.
6. Training and Equipping of Central Response Force duly backed by trained teams
from Armed Forces
7. Safe Houses . Identify shelters, for accommodating evacuees, both in Govt and
Private Sector, during Emergencies.
8. Establishment of a Homeland Security University. On the lines of National
Defence University, for General Awareness, Training and Research.
9. Use of Experts to find solutions to disaster related issues.
Communications
10. Failure within the DHS and in Communicating Relevant Information to Public, for
Early Warning, resulting in all available Federal Assets not being utilised. Need
to develop a more Comprehensive Emergency Communication System, to
ensure Survivability, Operability, Inter-Operability and Redundancy.
Response
11. Disaster Response Group at Central level to resolve disagreements
on Employment of Resources. This Group should also act as Single
Window Assistance Access for public.
12. Security of Assets by employing Local Law Enforcing Force for Law and Order.
13. Coordination, between:
(a) Search & Rescue and Medical Teams.
(b) State and Central Response Teams
(c) Local (Distt), State and Central Response Teams, to have inter-operable
Communication Network.
(d) At State level, Volunteer Coordinators in` State Emergency Operation
Centre, for coordinating Volunteer Efforts, like Debris Clearance, etc.
(e) Integrated Command at field level – local Response Units (National
Guards) and Active Duty Forces (ex Armed Forces) to work in tandem.
Mobile Command Field Centre near disaster site (not 80 km away
in Baton Rouge like during Katrina).
14. Need for National Emergency Operation Centre at DHS. DHS to have
a National Emergency Operations Centre, in addition to White House
Situation Room, regardless of whether President & the Secretary DHS are
in same place, to maintain flow of information from one agency.
15. Integrated Response. Civil and military assets to be combined and
employed as one resource and NOT in a graduated manner.
 STRATEGIES FOR DISASTER MANAGEMENT

1. Change of Focus from Relief Centric to Holistic Approach.

2. Mainstreaming Disaster Management into all National
Developmental Programmes.
3. Empowerment of the Community to face the Disaster.
4. Emphasis on Training, Development of Human Capital and
Capacity Building.
5. Key Role of Educational and Professional Institutions for
Mass Education and Awareness.
6. Upgradation of the Key Responders.
 STRATEGIES FOR DISASTER MANAGEMENT
7. Supporting and Enabling Mechanisms for the Districts
and States.
8. Failsafe Early Warning & Communication Systems.
9. Coordinated, Timely and Effective Response.
10. Involvement of NGOs & Corporate Sectors.
11. Time Bound Action Plan for Earthquakes, Floods &
Cyclones.
12. Pro-active Participation at the Regional and
International Level.
 POLICY FORMULATION
TEAM COMPOSTION
1. Concerned Member of Authority.
2. Concerned Ministry – Representative.
3. Lead/Nodal Organisations/Departments -
Representatives.
4. Project Team (When Study ordered on the
Subject).
5. Advisors/Experts.
6. Leading National (Academic – IITs) Institutions.
Secretarial Support
7. Additional Secretary.
8. Joint Secretary Planning.
9. DDG Strategic Planning.