TRANSLATION

AND
EDITING OF
TEXT
TRANSLATION
– Comes from the Latin term “translation” which means “to transfer” or “carry
across”.
– Consists in producing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent
of the message of the source as well as the style. (Eugene Nida)
– It is an exercise which consist an attempt to replace a written message in one
language by the same message in another language. (Newmark)
– It is a communicative process which takes place within a social context. (Hatin
and Mason)
– It is the process of producing in the receptor language, a text which
communicates the same message as the source language by using the
natural grammatical and lexical choices of the receptor language. (Larson)
TRANSLATION
– It is the communication of the meaning of the source language text by
means of an equivalent target language text.
The Beginning of TRANSLATION
– From the Tower of Babel
– Eric Jacobson claimed that translation is a Roman invention
– St. Jerome translated the Greek Bible into Latin.
– Translation was used as a weapon in both dogmatic and political
confict.
– 18th century: the translator was compared to an artist with moral duty
both to the work of the original author and to the receiver.
– 19th Century Romanticism: marked the birth of theories of literature
– 19th century 2nd half: translation became an important course in
language teaching and learning.
nd
The Beginning of TRANSLATION
*Jarjas became one of the best Syrian translators during the era.
-Spread of Islam: Mohammed communicated with non- Arabic
communities and encouraged the prophets to look for translators.
*Zaid Ibnu Thalet- Tranlated the letters of Mohammed to the kings.
- The translation of Quran
*Charkrown was the earliest translator of Quran who focused on its
meaning.
*Al Boukhari translated Quran to Persian.
*Al Badlissi translated Quran to Turkish
*Bait Al Hikma founded the greatest institute of translation
The Beginning of TRANSLATION
-Abbasid Period: translators focused on Greek philosophy, Indian Science,
and Persian literature where translation became a major requirement.
- Peak of Translation: transactions where made to Arabic, to Latin, then
later to Spanish. This helped in the scientific and philosophical works of
the European Renaissance.
The Translation Process

Source
Language/ Re- Receptor
Discovering
the Text to Meaning expression Language/
be
meaning
of meaning Translation
translated
Characteristics of a Good Translation
a. Accurate:
reproducing as exactly as possible the meaning of the source text.
b. Natural:
using the natural form of the receptor language in a way that it is
appropriate to the kind of text translated.
c. Communicative:
expressing all the aspects of the meaning in a way that is readily
understood by the intended audience.
Kinds of Translation (John Dryden)
a. Metaphase: the process of word for word translation also known as
surface translation.
b. Paraphrase: translation with great emphasis on meanings rather than
the language form. Popularly used in translating stanzas of poems.
c. Literal Translation: it follows very closely the grammatical and lexical
form of the text.
e.g. She is pretty.
Siya ay maganda.
Ella es bonita.
Kinds of Translation (John Dryden)
d. Idiomatic Translation: concerned with communicating with the source
text using the natural grammatical and lexical items of the receptor
language with respect to meaning.
e. Technical Translation: translation of technical text.
f. Literary Translation: used in translating literary text with underlying
meaning.
g. Ad verbum: translation according to verbal expressions or oral
communication
h. Ad sensum: translation of text according to sense.
Kinds of Translation (Earnts August Gutt)
a. Intra- lingual or rewording:
interpretation of verbal signs by means of the signs of the same
language.
b. Inter-lingual or translation proper:
interpretation of verbal signs by means of the signs of other language.
c. Inter-semiotic or transmutation:
translation of verbal signs to nonverbal signs.
Kinds of Translation (Pyu)
a. Word for word translation:
obtained through the use of bilingual dictionary.
b. Literal Translation:
makes minimum adjustments of word order, addition and omission
of words.
e.g. Jane truly love Tarzan that she would do anything for him to
live.
Mahal na mahal ni Jane si Tarzan na handa niyang gawin ang
lahat para ito mabuhay.
Dahil mahal na mahal ni Jane si Tarzan, handa siyanf gawin
ang lahat para sa kaniya.
Kinds of Translation (Pyu)
c. Semantic Translation:
Keeps the format of the source language and the author’s intension.
d. Communicative Translation:
sacrifices the original ways of expression and the author’s intension
to meet the requirements of the readers.
e. Free translation:
It deletes, rephrases, condenses, summarizes and explains the
content for the understanding of the readers.
Theories of Translation
a. Theory of Marcus Tullius Cicero and Horace: the metaphase and
paraphrase
b. McGuire Theory of Translation:
translation is a mechanical functioning making a text or an author
known.
c. Theory of Al Jahid: emphasizes the importance of revision after
translation.
d. Semantic theory: holds that words can mean a number of things
(connotation).
e. Communicative theory: describes the dynamic interaction among the
speaker, message, and the listener.
Theories of Translation
h. Tytler theory of translation:
it is said to be the ideal translation because it maintains the
character of style and gives the complete transcript of ideas and
sentiments of the original text.
i. Hermeneutics: the science or methodology of interpreting a text
especially of those religious in items.
j. Optimal approach: the process of an exhaustive analysis of the text at
every level in the original language to determine its original meaning and
purpose.
Theories of Translation
k. Theory of Martin Luther: the translator at some points should use loan
words in translating text to another language.
l. Ignacy Krasicki: Translation is in fact an art both estimable and very
difficult, and therefore is not a labor and portion of common minds.

QUIZHERE
Techniques in Translation
1. Computer Assisted Translation:
or computer- aided translation is a form of language translation in
which a human translator uses computer software to support and
facilitate the translation process. The following are tools that assist the
translator in the process:
- google, facebook, yahoo, bing, Wikipedia, softwares, winrar
2. Machine Translation:
is the translation of a text by a computer, with no human
involvement. It is also referred t as automated translation, automatic or
instant translation.
Techniques in Translation
3. Subtitling/ Captioning:
the transcriptions of film or TV dialogue presented simultaneously
on the screen. There are 2 types of this kind:
A. Intralingual Subtitling: deals with the production od subtitles that
remain in the same language as the original and are used for the deaf
language learners. It involves taking speech into writing, changing mode
but not language.
B. Interlingual Subtitling: refers to both as change in mode and
language going from one language to another and from spoken dialogue
into a written condensed translation which appears on the screen.
Techniques in Translation
4. Post editing:
Is the process of improving a machine generated translation with a
minimum of manual labor.
Etienne Dolet’s Guidelines in Translation
1. The translator should have a perfect knowledge of the target
language.
2. The translator should understand perfectly the content and intension
of the author whom he is translating the text.
3. The translator should avoid the tendency to translate word-for-word.
4. The translator should employ the forms of speech in common usage.
5. The translator should produce a total overall effect with appropriate
tone.
Criteria for Good Translation (Massoud)
1. A good translation is easily understood.
2. A good translation is fluent and smooth.
3. A good translation is idiomatic.
4. A good translation conveys the literary craftsmanship of the original.
5. A good translation distinguishes between metaphorical and the literal.
6. A good translation reconstructs the cultural/historical context of the
original.
7. A good translation clears what is unclear.
8. A good translation conveys, as much as possible, the meaning of the
original.
Principles of Good Translation (El Shafey)
1. Knowledge of the grammar of the source language plus the
knowledge of vocabulary and understanding of the text to be
translated.
2. The ability of the translator to reconstitute the source- language text
into the target language.
3. Translation should capture the style of the original text.
Discussion Questions:
1. Why is there a need for translation?
2. Discuss the relationship of teaching and translation.
3. How useful is translation in the field of your
profession?
4. Are teachers entitled to be called translator?
5. As a teacher what do you think is your responsibility as
translator?
The Early Modern English
This period of development of the English language was marked by
the “Great Vowel Shift” (GVS).
It is characterized by a radical change in pronunciation during the
15th , 16th, and 17th century where long vowel sounds began to be made
higher and further – forward in the mouth.
EXAMPLES: sheep- shape may- me
maat- mate hoose- house
boot- boat
GVS gave rise to many oddities in English pronunciation. The
spelling of words changed to reflect the change in pronunciation.
The Early Modern English
EXAMPLES: stan- stone rap- rope derk- dark
bern- barn herte- heart
The English Renaissance
- Referred to as the era of borrowing. The words from Latin and Greek
were imported during this period.
EXAMPLES: genius, species, militia, radius, nausea, specimen, criterion,
foci, etc.
- It was also the period where the term “Inkhorn” was termed. This was
coined to describe pedantic writers who borrowed the classics to create
obscure and opulent terms.
EX: revoluting, divulgate, fugitate, etc.
Printing Press and Standardization
- Originally invented by Johannes Guttenberg during the scientific
revolution in 1450, and was formally introduced by William Caxton in
England (1476).
- It was also during this time where efforts to set standard spelling were
made.
- In 1611, the authorized was also introduced after its completion for
more than 2 centuries by 54 scholars and clerics.
The International Trade
- The era of expansion. Most countries move out and reach communities
outside their boundaries to trade.
- The system gave rise to the establishment of “pidgin” language- a
reduced language that resulted from extended contact between people
with no common language.
The Present Day English
- Neologisms: refer to the new words, expressions, meaning of a word
added to language.
Ex: boondocks- originally bundok, a Filipino term used to describe
mountainous ranges/ places.
Filipinos- native of the Philippines
Domestic helper
Imeldific- derived from the Filipino icon Imelda Marcos known for
her love for style.
Kilig, etc.
The Present Day English
- Verbification of nouns:
Ex: to parrot, incentivize, to google, to email, etc.
- Nounification of Verb:
Ex: a solve, an ask, a fail, etc.
-Portmanteau:
EX; edutainment (Educational attainment), Snazzy (snappy+ Jazzy)
Frenemy (Friend+ enemy), infomercial (information+commercial)
hacktivist (hacker+ activist) etc.
- Euphemism: the use of more polite words to substitute degrading
terms.
The Present Day English
Ex: heart attack- Cardio vascular disease
Janitor- Maintenance engineer/ house keeping personnel
comfort room- powder room/ rest room
poor- unprivileged
- Jargon: the language of professionals
- Custom- Designed language: short- lived languages
Ex: YOLO, Bae, gay lingo
DISCOURSE
-Discourse I language above the sentence.
- Discourse is more than just language use.
- Discourse constitutes the social; distinguished- knowledge, social
relations, and social identity
- The analysis of discourse is the analysis of language in use.
- Language as an instrument of communication, whose expression is
discourse.
DISCOURSE ANALYSIS
- Discourse analysis is a general term for a number of approaches to
analyzing written, spoken, sign language use or any significant semiotic
event.
- Discourse analysis is concerned with language use in social context, and
in particular with interaction or dialog between speakers. It is
sometimes defined as the analysis of language beyond sentence.
- It discusses not only about language itself but also how it relates with
society, culture, and thought.
- There are three approaches to Discourse analysis namely: SPEECH ACT
THEORY,ETHNOGRAPHY OF COMMUNICATION, and PRAGMATICS
SPEECH ACT THEORY
- Speech act theory focuses on communicative acts, which are performed
through speech.
- Speech act theory attempts to explain
-(A) how speakers use language to accomplish intended action,
-(B) how listeners understand intended meaning from what is said.
- The Speech Act Theory is applicable to discourse analysis for it provides
framework to identify the conditions underlying the productions and
understanding of an utterance as a particular linguistically realized
action.
KINDS of SPEECH ACT THEORY
- Locutionary Act: is the act of making meaningful utterance. It has to do
with the simple act of a speaker saying something, that is, the act of
producing an meaningful linguistic expression or sentence.
EX: You should stop eating junk food.
- Illocutionary Act: is the speaker’s intention in delivering the utterance.
It refers to the type of function a speaker intends to accomplish in the
course of producing an utterance.
-Perlocutionary Act: is an action or state of mind brought by, or as a
consequence of saying something.
It is the actual effect of the utterance on the hearer. It is what the hearer
does in response to the utterance.
KINDS of SPEECH ACT THEORY
- In other words, locutionary is WHAT WE SAY, Illocutionary I WHAT WE
MEAN, and Perlocutionary is WHAT WE ACCOMPLISH.
SPEECH ACT
- Here are some examples of Speech Acts:
a. Greetings
b. Compliment: gives commendation
c. Request: elicits action
d. Command: demands action
e. Promise: commits the speaker to an action
f. Threat: intimidates the hearer
g. Complaint
h. Refusal
i. invitation