Internal Combustion Engine

Induction Tuning

ME 468 Engine Design

Professor Richard Hathaway
Department of Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering
Port Sizing Considerations
 Swept and Displaced Volumes
Inlet Port
• Swept Volume/cylinder:

d  s  Ap  s
2
Vs= B
4 s x Ap

Vs = swept volume dB = bore diameter

s = stroke

Note: In valve design the Volume which flows into s

the cylinder must equal the volume which flows
through the inlet port. The velocity past the valve
must then be considerably greater than the velocity
in the cylinder.
 Port Sizing and Mach Index (Z)

• Mach Index is the ratio of the velocity of the gases flow area to the speed of
sound

2
Piston speed Db = cylinder bore dia.
d b
Z= Dp = port dia.
n x d 2p Speed of Sound n = number of ports

For mean values:

Piston speed MEAN  2  RPM  stroke

d b  2  RPM  stroke 
2

2  
Z=
n x d p  Speed of Sound 
 Port Sizing and Mach Index (Z)

• For instantaneous relationships:

2 s s 
RPM   Sin  + Sin (2 )
2  1
2
db 60 4L
Zi =
n x d 2p Speed of Sound cd

s = length of stroke L = length of connecting rod

θ = crank position Cd = flow coefficient
 Port Sizing and Mach Index (Z)

• Speed of Sound:
– Temperature and F/A ratio dependant
– At Standard Temperature and Pressure

c = 1100 ft/sec
o
c ft/ sec = 49.02 T R
c = 340 m/sec
o
cm/ sec = 20.05 T K
 Port Sizing and Mach Index (Z)

• Modern performance engines will use multiple inlet and

exhaust valves per cylinder.
• Many are using multiple intake runners per cylinder to
improve cylinder filling over a broader range of RPM.
– A single runner is used at lower RPM while a second runner will
be opened at higher RPM.
– The second and the combined each have their own tuning peak.
Inlet Air Density and Performance
 Inlet air density

• Law of Partial Pressures:

Pt =  Partial Pressures
Pi =  Pair + P fuel vap + P water vap
• If each is considered as a perfect gas
Mass M
P = =
Molecular wt. m
 Inlet air density

• Inlet Pressures and Densities:

P air = P air
Pinlet P air + P fuel + P water

= M a / ma
M a / ma + M f / m f + M w / m w

ma = 29 mw = 18 mgas = 113
Fc = chemically correct mix
Fi = % vaporized (Fc)
 Inlet air density
• Inlet Pressures and Densities:

Pa M a / 29
=
Pi M a / 29 + M f / m f + M w / mw
Pa 1
=
Pi 1 + F i (29 / m f ) + h(1.6)

• From Ideal Gas Law

mx p 29 x Pa
= a =
R xT R xTi
R = 1545 ft-lb/(lbm-mole-oR)
 Inlet air density

• Inlet Densities:
29 x P a
a =
R xTi
29 x Pi  1 
a =  
R x T i  1 + F i (29 / m f ) + h(1.6) 

for P in psia and T in oR

2.7 x Pi  1 
a =  
Ti  1 + F i (29 / m f ) + h(1.6) 
 Inlet air density

• Example Problem:
– Find the change in indicated power when changing
from Gasoline to Natural Gas fuels
Assume: Pi = 14.0 psia Ti = 100oF
 = 1.2 => 20 % Rich
h = 0.02 lbm/lbm air

GASOLINE:
F/A = 1.2 x 1/14.8 = 0.081 lbfuel/lbair
Assume fuel is 40% vaporized
(Use fuel distilation curves)
 Inlet air density

Gasoline:
2.7 x 14.0  1 
 mix =
460 +100  1+(.4)(.081)(29 / 113)+0.02(1.6) 
 mix = 0.06488 lbm / ft 3

Natural gas:
F/A = 1.2 x 1/17.2 = 0.0697 lbfuel/lbair
Fuel is a gaseous fuel and is 100% vaporized
 Inlet air density

• NATURAL GAS:

2.7 x Pi  1 
a =  
Ti  1 + F i (29 / m f ) + h(1.6) 

2.7 x 14.0  1 
 mix
460 +100  1 + (1)(.06977)(29 / 18.3) + 0.02(1.6) 
=

 mix = 0.0591 lbm / ft 3

 Inlet air density

• NATURAL GAS:
2.7 x 14.0  1 
 mix =
460 +100  1 + (1)(.06977)(29 / 18.3) + 0.02(1.6) 
 mix = 0.0591 lbm / ft 3

• INDICATED POWER RATIO:

Ihpnat gas  mix nat gas

x F / A x ecnatgas
=
Ihp gasoline c gasoline
x F / A x ecgasoline
 Inlet air density

 Indicated power ratio:

Ihpnat gas  mix nat gas
x F / A x ecnatgas
=
Ihp gasoline c gasoline
x F / A x ecgasoline

Ihpnat gas 0.0591 x 0.0697 x 21,800

=
Ihp gasoline 0.06488 x 0.081 x 19,000
= .8993  90%
The above indicates an approximate 10% loss in power
output by changing to the gaseous fuel.
 Inlet air density

Ihpnat gas 0.0591 x 0.0697 x 21,800

=
Ihp gasoline 0.06488 x 0.081 x 19,000
= .8993  90%

Note: Gasoline performance decreases more rapidly

with increasing temperature.
ACOUSTIC MODELING
 Induction System Comparisons

Courtesy: Dan Butts, Derek Harris, Chris Brockman, Tiffany Dickinson

 Acoustic Modeling

• Closed Ended Organ Pipe:

 Acoustic Modeling
• Closed Ended Organ Pipe:

c
f p= (Hz)
4L

L = l + .3d = effective length

c A
f H=
2 L xV
 Acoustic Modeling

Helmholtz Resonator:

c A
f H=
2 L xV
 Build Considerations
• Variable Length Runners for RPM
matching
• Materials Selection Criteria:
– Weight, Fabrication, Surface Finish,
Heat Isolation
• Intake placement
– Isolate from heat sources (Engine,
Exhaust, Radiator, Pavement)
• Fuel Injector Placement

Courtesy: Dan Butts, Derek Harris, Chris Brockman, Tiffany Dickinson

 Acoustic Modeling
Induction System Model
 Multiple Stack with pressure box

Courtesy: Dan Butts, Derek Harris, Chris Brockman, Tiffany Dickinson

 Acoustic Modeling

• For a single degree of freedom system

 A1  CR - 1 
N p = K 1 x C x   
 L1 V d  CR + 1 
A1 = Average Area of Runner and Port L1 = LPort + Lrunner
K1 = 77 (English) K1 = 642 (Metric)
C = Speed of Sound
 Individual Throttle Body with Plenum

Courtesy: Dan Butts, Derek Harris, Chris Brockman, Tiffany Dickinson

 Helmholtz Tuning
• Writing Clearance Volume in Terms of Compression
Ratio:

V S + V CC VS
CR = V CC =
V CC (CR - 1)

• The Primary Volume is considered to be the Cylinder

Volume with the Piston at mid-stroke (effective volume).

VD VD V D (CR - 1) + 2 V D
V P= + V eff =
2 (CR - 1) 2(CR - 1)
V D (CR + 1)
V eff =
2 (CR - 1)
 Helmholtz Tuning

• The tuning peak will occur when the natural Helmholtz

resonance of the cylinder and runner is about twice the
piston frequency.
Volume (V1) = Cylinder Volume

Volume (V2) = Volume in the path from V1 to the Plenum

Using Engelman's electrical analogy we can define the

system as a system defined by capacitances and
inductances.
L
Inductance ( I i ) =  
 A i
 Helmholtz Tuning

• The EFFECTIVE INDUCTANCE for a pipe with

different cross-sections may be defined as the sum of
inductances of each section.
L L L
( I e ) =   +   + ....+  
 A i  A i+1  A n

The INDUCTANCE RATIO (a) is defined as the ratio of

the secondary inductance to the primary inductance.
 Helmholtz Tuning
• INDUCTANCE RATIO (a)
L
 
 A 2
a=
L
 
 A 1
• The CAPACITANCE RATIO (b) is defined as the ratio
of the Secondary Volume to the Primary Volume.

V2 V2  CR - 1 
b= = x2 
V eff V D  CR + 1 
V2 = Secondary Volume
= Volume of Intake Runners that are ineffective (n-1)
 Helmholtz Tuning
• Calculate the Separate Inductances:
L port Lrunner
I port = I runner =
A port Arunner
L plenum LT .body
I plenum = I T .body =
A plenum AT .body

• Determine the Inductance Ratio (a)

L
 
 A 2 I T .body + I plenum
a= 
L I port + I runner
 
 A 1
 Helmholtz Tuning
• Determine the Capacitance Ratio (b)
V eff
b=
(n - 1) x V runner

• Determine the Induction system Resonances

1 A- B 1 A+ B
f 1= f 2=
2 2 x a b (IND )1 x V eff 2 2 x a b (IND )1 x V eff

A = (a b + a + 1) B = (a b + a + 1 )2 - 4 a b
(IND)1 = Inductance of the primary length
(IND)1 = Iport + Irunner
 Helmholtz Tuning
• Determine the Primary Resonance:
1 1
f p= x V eff
2 I port + I runner
• Determine the Frequency Ratios:
f1 f2
X 1= X 2=
fp fp
• Determine the Tuning Peak:
 A1  CR - 1 
=
N p K1 x C x   
 L1 V d  CR + 1 
A1 = Average Area of Runner and Port L1 = LPort + Lrunner
K1 = 77 (English) K1 = 642 (Metric)
C = Speed of Sound
 Helmholtz Tuning
• Intake Tuning Peaks become:

N1= X 1 x N p N2= X 2 x N p

1 A- B 1 A+ B 1 1
f 1= f 2= f p= x V eff
2 2 x a b (IND )1 x V eff 2 2 x a b (IND )1 x V eff 2 I port + I runner

f1 f2
X 1= X 2=
fp fp

 A1  CR - 1 
N p = K 1 x C x   
 L1 V d  CR + 1 
 Helmholtz Tuning
• A combined equation is possible indicating it’s 2nd order
1
 2 2
  P  2 V 2  CR - 1   P   +   P  2 V 2  CR - 1   P    P  2 V 2  CR - 1  
   eff    +   + 1   
 eff  V  CR + 1  +  eff  + 1 - 4 eff  V  CR + 1  
 d      d   D 
 V CR + 1  eff       
N 1,2 = 77( C S )  
 4 PV 2 
 
 
 

L L
EFF =  

P=  Vd= * b2 * s
 A 2  A eff 4

V 2 = ( Lman + L port )* Am * (NC - 1)

 David Visard’s “Rule of thumb” Equations

Using Visard's Equation for Runner Length

1. Starting point of 7 inches for 10,000 RPM
2. Add length of 1.7 inches for each 1000 RPM
less

Using Visard's Equation for Runner Diameter

The End

Thank You!