CHAPTER 11:

BIODIVERSITY
 CHAPTER 11: BIODIVERSITY

11.1 BIODIVERSITY AND CLASSIFICATION

11.2 DOMAIN BACTERIA AND ARCHAEA
11.3 DOMAIN EUKARYA: KINGDOM
PROTISTA/PROTOCTISTA
11.4 DOMAIN EUKARYA: KINGDOM FUNGI
11.5 DOMAIN EUKARYA: KINGDOM PLANTAE
11.6 DOMAIN EUKARYA: KINGDOM ANIMALIA
 11. 1 BIODIVERSITY AND CLASSIFICATION
OBJECTIVES:

• State types of biodiversity (genetic, species

and ecosystem).

• State hierarchical classification

• State the classification systems

Five-kingdom system based on the
Whittaker (1969)
Three-domain system (Bacteria, Archaea
and Eukarya)
 TYPES OF BIODIVERSITY
• Genetic diversity
• Species diversity
• Ecosystem diversity
 Genetic diversity

• The combination of different genes

found within a population of a single
species or within different populations of
the same species
 Species diversity

• The variety of species in an

ecosystem or throughout the
entire biosphere
 Ecosystem diversity

• The variety of ecosystems and

ecological processes in the
biosphere as well as the diversity
within ecosystems
 TAXONOMY
Definition :
- The science of naming, describing
and classifying organisms.
It includes
- Identification
- Classification
- Nomenclature (naming)
 BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION AND
NOMENCLATURE
Biological classification is based on:
- Taxon  A group of organism at a particular
level in a classification system.

Called taxonomic hierarchy.

Biological nomenclature is based on the

binomial system.

Pioneered by Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus

(1707-78)
 BINOMIAL SYSTEM

Every organism is given a scientific name.

The name has two parts;
-The first part is the genus (generic name)
-The second part is the species (specific
name).
 BINOMIAL SYSTEM
The first alphabet of the genus is written in
capital letter.
All letters in the species are lowercases.
Both parts are capitalicized (if typed) or
underlined (if handwritten).
Example :
(i) Rana temporaria @ Rana temporaria
(common frog)
- Rana is the generic name and temporaria
the specific name.
(ii) Homo sapiens (human)
HIERARCHICAL CLASSIFICATION
Taxonomic Group :

• The named taxonomic

unit at any level of the
hierarchy is called a
taxon.
HIERARCHICAL CLASSIFICATION

Examples:
Domain : Eukarya
Kingdom : Animalia
Phylum : Chordata
Class : Mammalia
Order : Carnivora
Family : Felidae
Genus : Panthera
Species : Panthera pardus
@ Panthera pardus
 CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS

1. Five-kingdom system based on the

Whittaker (1969)

2. Three-domain system (Bacteria, Archaea

and Eukarya)
 (1) FIVE-KINGDOM SYSTEM

 Five kingdoms classification :

(introduced by Robert Whittaker 1969)
 Kingdom Monera

 Kingdom Protista

 Kingdom Fungi

 Kingdom Plantae

 Kingdom Animalia
 FIVE-KINGDOM SYSTEM

• Whittaker has classified living organism based

on 3 criteria:
(i) Levels of cell organisation:
o Prokaryote and eukaryote
o Prokaryote belongs to Kingdom Monera
o Comprising bacteria and cyanobacteria
(ii) Level of organism:
o Unicellular and multicellular
o Unicellular organism / unicellular
eukaryotes belong to Kingdom Protista
o Including protozoa and algae
 FIVE-KINGDOM SYSTEM

(iii) Types of nutrition of multicellular

o Autotrophic and heterotrophic
o Autotrophic nutritional mode belongs to
Kingdom Plantae
o Heterotrophic is either saprophytic
(absorptive) or holozoic
 FIVE-KINGDOM SYSTEM

o Multicellular eukaryote that is saprophytic

(heterotrophic absorptive) nutritional mode
belongs to Kingdom Fungi

o Multicellular eukaryote that is holozoic

(heterotrophic ingestive) nutritional mode
belongs to Kingdom Animalia
 The Whittaker’s 5-Kingdom System
Living organisms
Levels of cell organization

Prokaryotic Eukaryotic

MONERA Organism

Unicellular Multicellular

PROTISTA Types of nutrition

Photosynthetic Heterotrophic
(Autotrophic)
Types of nutrition
PLANTAE

Saprophytic Holozoic
(absorptive) (ingestive)
FUNGI ANIMALIA
FIVE-KINGDOM SYSTEM: SUMMARY
The 5-Kingdom System
 (2)THREE-DOMAIN SYSTEM
• Introduced by Carl Woese (1977)
• Based on differences in ribosomal RNA
(rRNA) sequence between microorganisms.
• rRNA – molecular building block for
ribosomes.
• 3 domains:
(i) Domain Bacteria
(ii) Domain Archaea
(iii) Domain Eukarya
 THREE-DOMAIN SYSTEM
• Domain Bacteria and Archaea
– Prokaryotes
– Mostly single cell and microscopic
• Domain Eukarya
– Eukaryotes
– Include both unicellular and multicellular
organisms
•Unicellular: Protists
•Multicellular: Kingdom Fungi, Kingdom
Plantae and Kingdom Animalia