CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION
 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
 Background of the Study
 Statement of the Problem
 Hypothesis
 Objectives of the Study
 Scope and Limitation
 Significance of the Study
 Theoretical Framework
 Conceptual Framework
 Paradigm
 Definition of Terms
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 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The part that includes information which would focus on

the importance and validity of the problem.
 General orientation of the problem area
 Brief rationale to justify the problem.
 Present state of knowledge regarding the problem.
 What facets of the problem are known? What needs further
investigations? What approaches have been used
previously in the research of the problem?

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 IT INCLUDES:

▰ Concepts and ideas related to the problem

including clarification of important
terminologies
▰ Discussion of the problem in general and the
specific situations observed and experienced by
the researcher (macro to micro approach)
▰ Discussion of the existing or present conditions
and what is aimed to be in the future or the gap
to be filled in by the researcher

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 SAMPLE:

▰ Role of Language in Education

▰ Language Policy in the Philippines
▰ The Republic Act 10533 (New Language Policy)
▰ Varying Language across the country
▰ Current status of the policy implementation
▰ Localized implementation status
▰ Aim of the researchers

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STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The basic difficulty, the issue, the area of

concern, the circumstances which exist, then
how they ought to be.

What are the specific problems that the study

aims to answer?

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“ Generally, this study
aims to determine...
Specifically, it aims to
answer the following...

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The Research Problems

The asnwers to the research problems should

lead to the solution of the research
problem.
 Focus on clear goals; state them
precisely.
 Limited enough to make a definite
conclusion possible.

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 SAMPLE STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

This study will deal with determining the factors affecting the
implementation of the mother tongue-based multilingual education as
perceived by teachers in the University of Eastern Philippines.
Specifically, this endeavor seeks to answer the following
questions:
1. What is the socio-demographic profile of the teachers in terms of the
following variables?
2. What are the factors affecting implementation of the curriculum?
3. What are the issues, problems, and challenges in the implementation of
MTB-MLE?
4. What are the recommendations to address these issues, problems, and
challenges?
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OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

These are the statements of the problem but expressed

in declarative form. These are derived by the
crystallization of the research problem and as
reflected by the title.

Generally, this study aims to determine...

Specifically, it aims to...

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 SAMPLE OBJECTIVES OF THE PROBLEM

Specifically, this endeavor attempts to:

1. draw out the socio-demographic profile of the teachers in
terms of the following variables;
2. determine the factors affecting the implementation of MTB-MLE;
3. identify the issues, problems, and challenges in the
implementation of MTB – MLE;
4. draw out recommendations to address these issues, problems,
and challenges.

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 SCOPE AND LIMITATION

This part deals with the coverage of the

study in terms of concept, number of subjects or
the population included in the study, as well as
the timeline when study was conducted. Why certain
factors were left out can also be discussed in
this part.
It also includes the restrictions or
weakness of the study that are out of the
researcher’s control.
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Basic questions:
WHAT – Topic of investigation and variables
included
WHERE – Venue or setting of the research.
WHEN – Time frame by which the study was conducted
WHY – General objectives of the research
WHO – Subject of the study, population and
sampling
HOW – Methodology of the Research: design and
instrument
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SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

In this part, the researcher defines who will

benefit out of the findings of the study. It
describes how the problem will be solved and
specifically, pinpoints who will benefit from the
findings and results.
 Refer to the statement of the problem.
 Write from general to specific.

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 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

This parts gives and explains the theories, principles,

generalizations, and research findings, which have some
connection to the research study. It makes people
understand evidence-based truths, concepts, speculations,
and assumptions underlying each aspect of the research.
The theory should support the knowledge base of the
phenomenon being studied/researched. This should give
knowledge on the occurrence of the phenomenon.

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THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

Simple questions to guide the researcher in

writing theoretical framework:
 What do I know about the phenomenon I am
studying?
 What theory will best guide my study?
 What theories are relevant to these study?

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 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

Theories on
MOTHER the Role of
TONGUE-BASED Language in
MULTILINGUAL Use of mother tongue Learning and
EDUCATION in teaching-learning Development

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THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

Mastery of Mother Tongue

would lead to the mastery of
Second Language

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CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

This is the researcher’s idea on how the research

problem will be explored. This embodies the
specific direction by which the research will be
undertaken

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PARADIGM

Graphic Representation of the

Conceptual Framework

The Conceptual is in paragraph form.

This paragraph will be expressed in a
flow chart.
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DEFINITION OF TERMS

Key terms are clearly defined.

Conceptual Definition – how the word is

defined in the dictionary.
Operational Definition – how the word is
used in the study.

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 DEFINITION OF TERMS

Mother-Tongue. Conceptually and operationally, it is the

language or languages first learned by the child, which
s/he identifies with, is identified as a native language
user of by others, which s/he knows best, or uses most.
Perception. Conceptually, it is a way of regarding,
understanding, or interpreting something; a mental
impression. Operationally, this pertains to the
impressions, beliefs and stand of the MTB – MLE teachers
toward the MTB – MLE Implementation.

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 DOCUMENTATION

When you use materials from an outside source in your

writing, you must cite the source.
If you do not follow the conventions of quoting and
giving credit, you are considered to be stealing, or
plagiarizing someone else’s ideas or words. Plagiarism
is considered quite a serious offense; in some cases,
plagiarism is actually a crime.
FOOTNOTING

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 MATERIALS CITED SHOULD BE:

 Recent as much as possible, not beyond 10 years and

not below 5 years.
 Objective and unbiased as possible.
 Relevant to the study.

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 MLA Citation Style
(Modern Language Association)

MLA is the most often applied in the arts and

humanities, particularly in the USA.
Books:
First Name M. Last Name, Title of the Book,
(City of Publication: Publisher) Date of
Publication.

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 MLA Citation Style
(Modern Language Association)

Journals:
First Name M. Last Name, “Article Title,”
Journal Title, Series Volume, Issue, (Year
Published), inclusive page/s.
Internet Sources:
Author’s Name, “Article Title,” Website, Date
of Article Publication. (Retrieved: *date*)

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 MLA Citation Style
(Modern Language Association)

Books:
Mariano Ariola, Principles and Methods of
Research, (Manila: Rex Bookstore) 2006, p. 24.

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 MLA Citation Style
(Modern Language Association)

Journals:
Safary Wa-Mbaleka, “English Teacher’s Perceptions of the
Mother Tongue-Based Education Policy in the Philippines,”
European Journal of Research and Reflection in Educational
Sciences, Vol. 2, No. 4, (2004), pp. 3-5.
Internet Sources:
Kevin Purrit, “Cummins’ Interdependence Theory,”
http://www.slideshare.net/rkpruitt1/cumminsinterdependence-
hypothesis-1419039, May 11, 2009. (Retrieved: January 2018)

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 Other Concepts
et al. = et alia (and others ) used when there is
three or more authors.
Ibid. = Ibidem (in the same place) repeat a
footnote without intervention.
op. cit. = opera citato (in the work cited), when
a footnote is repeated but on different page
number.
loc. cit. = loco citato (in the place cited), when
a footnote repeated is with same page number.
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RESEARCH FORMAT
 Courier New/Times New Roman
 Size 12
 Short Bond Paper
 Double-spaced
 Chapter first page, no page number
 Write in the future tense
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