Six Sigma Overview

Mean and Standard Deviation

n

x
X   x  x    xn
i
i 1
Mean =
1 2

n n
Median and Mode are other measures of Central Tendency

Variance =
 X i  X  2


 i
d 2

n 1 n 1

Standard Deviation = Square Root of Variance

Range and Mean Absolute Deviation (MAD)

are other measures of Scatter

Calculate Mean and Standard deviation of the following data:

1.5, 1.3, 1.6, 1.2, 1.6, 1.4, 1.7, 1.5, 1.7, 1.5, 1.8, 1.6, 1.5, 1.3, 1.6,
1.4, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.5
 Normal Distribution

• “Bell shaped”
• Symmetrical
• Mean, median and
mode are equal
• Total spread about
6  though Random
Variable has infinite range
• Measurement/Continuous
data

Mean
Median
Mode
 Finding Normal Probabilities Using Tables

What is the Probability of the shaded area?

(Prob. for the range c to d)

C d
 Normal Distribution Table

An infinite number of normal distributions with

different means and Standard deviations.
An infinite number of tables to be constructed!
 Standard Normal Distribution
• Normal Distribution with 0 as Mean and 1 as Standard Deviation
is known as the Standard Normal

• A Table is available from which you can find out probability for
any given range of the Standard Normal variable

• For calculating probability for any Normal distribution, with a

given mean and Standard Deviation, we have to convert the
given range into corresponding range for the standardized
Normal distribution. Then look into the Standard Normal table
and calculate the probabilities
 Calculation of Normal Probability

X  6.2  5.0
Z    1.0
 1.2

Normal Distribution Standardized

Normal Distribution
  1 .2
Z 1

6.2 X 1.0
 5 Refer Table for Probability
Z  0
 Calculation of Normal Probability

Pr ob. 2.9  X  7.0  0.9124

2.9  5.0 7.0  5.0
Z1   1.75, Z 2  1.67
1.2 1.2

Normal Distribution Standardized

Normal Distribution
  1 .2
0.4599 Z 1
0.4525
7.0

2.9 7.0 X
 5 Obtain Prob. from Table A
- 1.75
Z  0
1.67