FM-II, L # 08

‫السالم عليكم و رحمة هللا و بركات‬

Fluid Mechanics-II
PUMPS
HYDRAULIC PUMPS

Complied by
Prof: Abdul Samad
Mechanical Engineering department.
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 WHAT ARE THE PUMPS?
1. A pump is a device that moves fluids (liquids or gases), or
sometimes slurries, by mechanical action.
2. Pumps operate by some mechanism
(typically reciprocating or rotary), and consume energy to
perform mechanical work moving the fluid.
3. Pumps can be classified into three major groups according to
the method they use to move the fluid: direct lift, displacement,
and gravity pumps.
4. When a casing contains only one revolving impeller, it is called
a single-stage pump. When a casing contains two or more
revolving impellers, it is called a double- or multi-stage pump.
5. Flow from a region or low level / pressure to one of high level /
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pressure.
 Definition
Water pumps are devices and designed to convert
mechanical energy to hydraulic energy. They are used
to move water from lower points to higher points with a
required discharge and pressure head.
Centrifugal pumps are a sub-class of dynamic
axisymmetric work-absorbing turbo-machinery.
Centrifugal pumps are used to transport fluids by the
conversion of rotational kinetic energy to the
hydrodynamic energy of the fluid flow. The rotational
energy typically comes from an engine or electric
motor.
 Hydraulic pumps
Hydraulic pumps are used in hydraulic drive
systems and can be hydrostatic or hydrodynamic.
A hydraulic pump is a mechanical source of
power that converts mechanical power into
hydraulic energy (hydrostatic energy i.e. flow,
pressure). When a hydraulic pump operates, it
creates a vacuum at the pump inlet, which forces
liquid from the reservoir into the inlet line to the
pump and by mechanical action delivers this
liquid to the pump outlet and forces it into the
hydraulic system.
 Applications
• Pumps are used throughout society for a
variety of purposes. Early applications
includes the use of
the windmill or watermill to pump water.
Today, the pump is used for irrigation, water
supply, gasoline supply, air
conditioning systems, refrigeration(usually
called a compressor), chemical
movement, sewage movement, flood control,
marine services, etc.
There are two main categories of pump:

 Rotodynamic pumps.
 Positive displacement pumps.
PUMP

Positive
Roto-dynamic displacement

Centrifugal

Rotary Reciprocating
Axial flow

Mixed flow
Gear Piston

Turbine
Lobe Diaphragm

Sliding Vane Plunger

Screw 2
Hydraulic motor
It is a mechanical actuator that
converts hydraulic pressure and flow
into torque and angular displacement (rotation).
The hydraulic motor is the rotary counterpart of
the hydraulic cylinder as a linear actuator. Most
broadly, the category of devices called hydraulic
motors has sometimes included those that run
on hydropower
What is the main difference between kinetic
and positive displacement pumps ?

The main difference between kinetic and positive displacement

pumps lies in the method of fluid transfer.

 A kinetic pump imparts velocity energy to the fluid, which is

converted to pressure energy upon exiting the pump casing

 A positive displacement pump moves a fixed volume of fluid within

the pump casing by applying a force to moveable boundaries
containing the fluid volume.

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 Working And Main parts
A centrifugal pump converts rotational energy, often
from a motor, to energy in a moving fluid. A portion of
the energy goes into kinetic energy of the fluid. Fluid
enters axially through eye of the casing, is caught up in
the impeller blades, and is whirled tangentially and
radially outward until it leaves through all
circumferential parts of the impeller into the diffuser
part of the casing. The fluid gains both velocity and
pressure while passing through the impeller. The
doughnut-shaped diffuser, or scroll, section of the
casing decelerates the flow and further increases the
pressure.
 Main Parts of Centrifugal Pumps
1. Impeller:

• which is the rotating part of

the centrifugal pump.
• It consists of a series of
backwards curved vanes
(blades).
• The impeller is driven by a
shaft which is connected to the
shaft of an electric motor.
 Main Parts of Centrifugal Pumps
2. Casing

• Which is an air-tight
passage surrounding the
impeller
• designed to direct the
liquid to the impeller
and lead it away
• Volute casing. It is of
spiral type in which the
area of the flow
increases gradually.
3. Suction Pipe.
4. Delivery Pipe.
5. The Shaft: which is the bar by which the
power is transmitted from the motor drive to
the impeller.
6. The driving motor: which is responsible for
rotating the shaft. It can be mounted directly
on the pump, above it, or adjacent to it.
Schematic diagram of basic elements of centrifugal pump
• This classification is based on the
way by which the water leaves the
rotating part of the pump.
• In radial-flow pump the water
leaves the impeller in radial
direction,
• while in the axial-flow pump the
water leaves the propeller in the
axial direction.
• In the mixed-flow pump the water
leaves the impeller in an inclined
direction having both radial and
axial components
Impeller
Three main categories of centrifugal pumps exist

Axial flow Radial flow

Mixed flow
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Type of Impeller

There are three main categories of impeller due type of impeller’s vane, which
are used in the centrifugal pumps as;

 Radial vanes, Fig. (a).

 Backward vanes, Fig. (b).
 Forward vanes, Fig. (c).

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 Full Diameter Impeller

Vs
V

r Vt
Vr = Radial Velocity
Rotation Vt = Tangential Velocity
Vs = Vector Sum Velocity
Impeller

Blades
Centrifugal Pumps
Velocity Triangle
a) when β2 > 90o, the Forwards curved
vanes of the impeller.

b) when β2 = 90o , the radial curved vanes

of the impeller.

c) when β2 < 90o, the Backwards curved

vanes of the impeller.

where :
V = absolute velocity of the water.
U = Tangential velocity of impeller (peripheral velocity).
Vr = relative velocity of water to the wheel.
Vf = velocity flow.
N = Speed of impeller in (rpm).
 = vane angle.
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 = angle at which water leaves.
 Exit Velocity Triangle

Entrance Velocity Triangle

Velocities at the intake and outlet of an impeller

Work done by impellers( or centrifugal pump) on liquid

The expression for work done or energy supplied

by the impeller of a centrifugal pump on liquid
flowing through may be derived in the same way
as for turbine. The liquid inters the impeller at its
center and leaves its outer periphery.
It is assumed that the liquid enters the impeller eye
in the radial direction, No energy loss in the
impeller due to friction and eddy formation and no
loss due to shock at the entry.