Set A and Set B

1. B 6. B 11. D 16. C 21. C 26. C

2. D 7. B 12. D 17. A 22. B 27. D
3. D 8. D 13. B 18. C 23. D 28. A
4. B 9. B 14. D 19. B 24. D 29. B
5. C 10. D 15. B 20. D 25. D 30. B
II. Matching Type
Set A Set B
1. C 6. A 1. E 6. H
2. F 7. I 2. F 7. G
3. E 8. G 3. C 8. J
4. H 9. J 4. A 9. I
5. D 10. B 5. D 10. B
III. Modified True or False ( 2 pts )
Set A Set B
1. Composting ` 1. Flammable
2. Incineration 2. True
3. Soil 3. Soil
4. Flammable 4. Composting
5. True 5. Incineration
Percé Rock is a huge sheer rock formation in the Gulf of Saint
Lawrence on the tip of the Gaspé Peninsula in Quebec, Canada, off
Percé Bay. Percé Rock appears from a distance like a ship under sail.
Canada
Chimney Rock is a limestone
formation in Marble Canyon,
midway between the towns of
Lillooet and Cache Creek in
British Columbia, Canada.
The Mallos de Riglos are a
set of conglomerate rock
formations, located in the
municipality of Las Peñas de
Riglos, in the Hoya de
Huesca comarca, in Aragon,
Spain. They are located near
Las Peñas de Riglos some
45 km to the northwest of the
city of Huesca. Spain
Peña Bajenza is a large rock
formation situated just above the
village of Islallana, part of the
municipality of Nalda, in the
Spanish province of La Rioja. The
400 metre high red coloured
rocks sculpted by erosion are part
of the Peñas de Viguera and one
of the most well-known landmarks
of the region.
Spain
Tokangawhā / Split Apple Rock
is a geological rock formation in
Tasman Bay off the northern
coast of the South Island of
New Zealand. Made of granite
from the cretaceous, it is in the
shape of an apple which has
been cut in half. The cleft to
produce two sides of the 'apple'
was a naturally occurring joint
New Zealand
Navajo Sandstone is a
geological formation in the
Glen Canyon Group that is
spread across the U.S.
states of southern Nevada,
northern Arizona, northwest
Colorado, and Utah as part
of the Colorado Plateau
province of the United
States
Angels Landing, known
previously as the Temple of
Aeolus, is a 1,488-foot tall rock
formation in Zion National Park
in southwestern Utah in the
United States. A trail cut into
solid rock in 1926 leads to the
top of Angels Landing and
provides views of Zion Canyon
The Nuvvuagittuq Greenstone Belt is
a sequence of metamorphosed mafic
to ultramafic volcanic and associated
sedimentary rocks located on the
eastern shore of Hudson Bay, 40 km
southeast of Inukjuak, Quebec.
These rocks have undergone
extensive metamorphism, and
represent some of the oldest rocks
on Earth.
Canada
Activity 2

You need a clear plastic container

about ¾ full of water, tape, or
marker
1. Mark the water level on the outside of the
container with a tape or marker.
2. Place the water filled container in a
freezer for at least 6 hours.
3. Remove the container and observe the
level of the ice that was formed.
Questions:

1. What happens to the level of ice that

was formed in the container?
Explain.
2. Devise an experiment to show how
frozen water breaks large rocks.
eteigwahrn
WEATHERING

•THE BREAKING DOWN OF ROCKS AND OTHER

MATERIALS ON THE EARTH’S SURFACE
• slow but continuous process
• Large pieces of rocks breaks.
• crumble and decay
MECHANICAL WEATHERING

•BREAKS INTO PIECES WITHOUT CHANGING THEIR

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
Agents of mechanical weathering

• Temperature
• Frost action
• Abrasion
• Action of living things
Temperature
* day time
* heated by the sun
* expands
* remains cool inside
Night time
* rock is cooled
* contracts

Exfoliation
- peeling off - rock surface
Frost action
* seeping of water into small cracks of
rock layers
* drops below the freezing point of
water
* expands
* pressure
Abrasion
- wearing off of rocks by solid particles
carried by wind, water, and other agents

* unusual rock formation

* rounded and smooth
Action of living things
* plants
- roots
* animals
- burrowing animals
* humans
- ground work
CHEMICAL WEATHERING

•CHANGES THE MINERAL CONTENT

•CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
Minerals
- added
- removed
Agents:
- water - sulfuric acid
- oxygen - acid from plants
- carbon dioxide and animals
Water
* dissolved most of the minerals
- gases → acid
- other mineral
* feldspar reacts with water
- clay
Oxygen
* iron-bearing rocks
- physical properties
- chemical composition
Fe + O → FeO2 (rust)
- brittle
- break easily
Carbon dioxide
- rain water
- carbonic acid
- seep into the rocks
- dissolved
Sulfuric acid
- fossil fuels are burned
- rain water
- sulfuric acid
- corrodes
- rocks/metals/other materials
Acids and chemicals from organisms
- plants
- acids
- chemicals
- dissolved
- minerals
ysirolyshd
xinoitado
bonracnoita
ficanoitidica
Processes that cause chemical
weathering
* hydrolysis
- breaking down of chemical
substances due to the action of
water
Sodium acetate is a type of salt. When
water is added to sodium acetate,
the chemical bonds break down,
causing it to separate into sodium ions
and acetate ions. Then acetate ions in
the water then combine
with hydrogen atoms to create an acid
called acetic acid.
Acidification
- conversion of a substance to acid
This process happens
when compounds like ammonia, nitrogen
oxides and Sulphur dioxides are converted in
a chemical reaction into acidic substances.
Most of the compounds are a direct result of
air pollution.
Oxidation is a process in which
a chemical substance changes because
of the addition of oxygen.
Oxidation is the process when oxygen
combines with an element, changing the
appearance of the element.
1.When iron reacts with oxygen and
changes to rust, this is an example of
oxidation.
2.When fire burns up a wooden log, this is
an example of oxidation.
Carbonation is another type of chemical
weathering. Carbonation is the mixing of water
with carbon dioxide to make carbonic acid. This
type of weathering is important in the formation
of caves. Dissolved carbon dioxide in rainwater
or in moist air forms carbonic acid, and this acid
reacts with minerals in rocks.
When carbon dioxide dissolves in the ocean,
carbonic acid is formed. This leads to
higher acidity, mainly near the surface,
which has been proven to inhibit shell
growth in marine animals and is suspected
as a cause of reproductive disorders in
some fish
Carbonation occurs on rocks which
contain calcium carbonate, such as
limestone and chalk. This takes place when
rain combines with carbon dioxide or an
organic acid to form a weak carbonic acid
which reacts with calcium carbonate (the
limestone) and forms calcium bicarbonate.
Chemical weathering is the weakening and
subsequent disintegration
of rock by chemical reactions. These
reactions include oxidation, hydrolysis, and
carbonation. These processes either form or
destroy minerals, thus altering the nature of
the rock's mineral composition.
Weathering
is the process that breaks down rock and other materials at Earth’s
surface. The forces of weathering break rocks into smaller and
smaller pieces. The forces of erosion carry the pieces away.
Erosion
is the movement of rock particles by wind, water, or
ice. Weathering and erosion work together continuously to wear
down and carry away the rocks at Earth’s surface