TCP/IP NETWORKING

Introducing TCP/IP
 Transmission Control
Protocol/Internet Protocol
Internet Protocol
 Routes information across networks
 Provides an addressing scheme
 Delivers packets from source to destination
 Serves as a network layer protocol
1. Transmission Control 2. User Datagram
Protocol (TCP) Protocol (UDP)
TCP
 Is a connection-oriented protocol
 Guarantees delivery through acknowledgement
 Is widely used for critical applications
TCP Flags
 SYN: Opens a connection
 FIN: Closes a connection
 ACK: Acknowledges a SIN or FIN
TCP Handshake

SYN
SYN/ACK
ACK
UDP
 Is a light weight connectionless protocol
 Doesn’t send acknowledgements or guarantee
delivery
 Is used for voice and video applications
OSI Model

Application Layer User Programs

Presentation Layer Data translation and encryption
Session Layer Exchanges between systems
TCP and UDP
Transport Layer Internet protocol (IP)
Network Layer Data transfers between two
Date Link Layer nodes
Physical Layer Wires, radios and optics
Comparing Two Models

OSI Model TCP Model

Application Layer Application Layer
Presentation Layer
Session Layer
Transport Layer Transport Layer
Network Layer Internet Layer
Data Link Layer Network Interface Layer
Physical Layer
IP Addresses
IP Addresses
Uniquely Identify Systems
Dotted Quad Notation

192.168.1.100
Why the Range 0-255?
 8-Bit binary numbers
 28 =256 possible values
 Start counting at 0
 Range: 0-255(256 values)
IP Addresses
 Uniquely identify systems on a network
 Must not be re-used on Internet-connected systems
 May be reused if on private networks
IP Addresses

192.168 1.100
Network Address Host Address
Source and destination
IPv6
 Replace IPv4 due to address exhaustion
 Uses 128 bits (compared to 34 for IPv4)
 Consists of eight groups of four hexadecimal
numbers
 Example:
fd02:24c1:b942:01f3:ead2:123a:c3d2:cf2f
Domain Name Service (DNS)
 DNS Servers
Translate domain names into IP
addresses
WWW.Lynda.com

192.229.162.23
DNS functions over UDP port 53
DNS Functioning
 User types domains name into browser
 Computer sends a DNS query to the local DNS
server
 DNS server responds with an IP address
 Computer contacts the server at that IP address
A Hierarchical System
Organizations designate serves that are authoritative
For their domains
Windows Systems
 Dig is not installed by default on Windows systems
 Users may download dig at:
http://www.isc.org/downloads/bind/
 Nslookup is a pre-installed alternative for windows
users
Some content filters alter DNS
query results
Network Ports
Network Port Numbers
 16-Bit binary numbers
 216 , or 65,536 possible values
 Start counting at 0
 Allowable range of 0-65,536
Port Ranges
 0-1,023: Well known ports
 1,024-49,151: Registered ports
 49,152-65,535: Dynamic ports
Administrative Services
 Port 21: File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
 Port 22: Secure Shell (SSH)
 Port 3389: Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP)
 Ports 137,138 and 139: NetBIOS
 Port 53: Domain Name System (DNS)
Mail Services
 Port 25: Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
 Port 110: Post Office Protocol (POP)
 Port 143: Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP)
Web Services
 Port 80: Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
 Port 443: Secure HTTP (HTTPS)
 Memorize These Ports!
Service Port(s) Service Port(s) Service Port(s)

FTP 21 SMTP 25 HTTP 80

SSH 22 POP 110 HTTPS 443

RDP 3389 IMAP 143

NetBIOS 137-
139
DNS 53
ICMP
Ping
Identifies live systems
Ping Command

ICMP ECHO REQUEST

ICMP ECHO REPLY

Traceroute
Identifies Network Paths
Other ICMP Functions
 Destination unreachable
 Redirects
 Time exceeded
 Address mask requests and replies
Multilayer Protocols
TCP/IP is the most common
multilayer protocol set
Distributed Network Protocols (DNP3)
Provides network connectivity for
SCADA systems
DNP3 at work
DNP3 at work
DNP3 at work
OSI Model

Application Layer User Programs

Presentation Layer Data translation and encryption
Session Layer Exchanges between systems
TCP and UDP
Transport Layer Internet protocol (IP)
Network Layer Data transfers between two
Date Link Layer nodes
Physical Layer Wires, radios and optics