Controllable

Optical Bistability
and Four wave
mixing in Nano-
electro-
optomechanical
System
PRESENTED BY: SOHAIL AHMED & ASMA JAVED
System Model
System Hamiltonian
Rotating Wave
Approximation
 To make the Hamiltonian time independent, we
convert it into a frame rotating at laser frequency 𝜔𝑙 .
 In the rotating frame defined by the unitary
transformation ;
𝑼 𝒕 = 𝐞𝐱𝐩[−𝒊𝝎𝒍 𝐭 𝒄† 𝒄 ]
 Following the formulation of interaction picture, this
modifies the system Hamiltonian into a new
Hamiltonian, which can be written as;
𝑝12 1 2 2 𝑝22 1
 †
𝐻 = ℏ∆𝑐 𝑐 𝑐 + 2𝑚1
+ 2
𝑚1 𝜔1 𝑞1 + 2𝑚2
+ 2 𝑚2 𝜔22 𝑞22
− ℏ𝑔0 𝑞1 c † c + ℏ𝑔𝑐 𝑞1 𝑞2 + iℏΩ𝑙 c † − c + iℏ(𝑐 † 𝜀𝑝 𝑒 −𝑖𝛿𝑡
− H. c)
Where ;
∆𝑐 = 𝜔𝑐 − 𝜔𝑙 , cavity field detuning
𝛿 = 𝜔𝑝 − 𝜔𝑙 , probe field detuning
𝒈𝟎 & 𝒈𝒄 are optomechanical and coulomb coupling
parameters respectively.
 First and second parts of the System Hamiltonian Equation
describe the free energies of two mirrors respectively.
 Third part represents the energy of cavity field whereas the
optomechanical coupling between the cavity field and
MR1 is given by the fourth term.
 The fifth term represents the coulomb coupling between
the charged MR1 and MR2.
 The second last and last terms describe the energies of
input laser and probe fields respectively.
Dynamics of the System

 MR1 is subjected to oscillate around its equilibrium position under the

effect of radiation pressure force whereas MR2 is coupled with MR1
through coulomb interaction.
 In order to study the effect of optomechanical and coulomb couplings
on the transmission of probe field we need to describe the dynamics of
the system.
 For complete description of nano-electro-optomechanical system, we
must include effects of dissipation on the intracavity field and damping
of moving end mirrors MR1 and MR2.
 This can be done by including standard quantum noise operators in the
system and using the Quantum Langevin equation ;

𝑑𝑂෠ 𝑖 1
= ෡ ෠ ෠ 𝑂෠ + 𝑁
𝐻, 𝑂 − 𝛤, ෡
𝑑𝑡 ℏ 2
Consider the influences of the thermal
environment and based on the calculated
Hamiltonian, the Quantum Langevin equations of
the system operators can be derived as
 Where ;

𝛾1 𝛾2 represent the damping rate of MR1(MR2),

ĸ represents the cavity decay rate , 𝜀1 t and 𝜀2 t
are quantum Brownian noise operators of MR1 and
MR2 respectively, and 𝑐𝑖𝑛 (t) is the input vacuum noise
operator of the cavity.
Mean field Approximation

 In order to explain the effect of the

optomechanical and coulomb couplings, we
write the steady state solutions of the
corresponding operators and study the output
spectrum.

 Under the mean field approximation and using

the factorization assumption,< 𝑐 † 𝑐 >≈< 𝑐 † > < 𝑐 >,
the first moments equations for system operators
are given by ;
Mean of Dissipation and
Fluctuation terms
 As we obtain the expectation values of the
operators in the above set of equations, we drop
Hermitian Brownian noise and input vacuum noise
terms which are averaged to zero.
 Under intense laser pumping, these coupled
differential equations can be linearized by
expanding the system operators around their
classical mean value and adding zero mean
fluctuation operators as,
< ℎ > = ℎ𝑠 + ℎ− e−iδ𝑡 + ℎ+ eiδ𝑡
where, ℎ𝑠 denotes the steady-state value, and ℎ+
and ℎ− are sidemodes and are treated as
perturbations.
Steady-state Solutions
Optical Bistability of the
System
 A phenomenon used in the all optical switching
process.
 Can be controlled by tuning the frequency and
power of the driving field.
 A high degree of nonlinearity exists between the
optical field and mechanical mode, which gives
rise to optical bistability.
 Several mechanisms to derive the result of optical
bistability for a system.
Rearranging the steady-state values of the
cavity field in the previous set of equations,
we have;

𝛺𝑙
𝑐𝑠 = , Δ = Δ𝑐 − 𝑔0 𝑞1𝑠
𝜅+𝑖𝛥
ℏ𝑔0 𝑐𝑠 2
where, 𝑞1𝑠 = ℏ2 𝑔2
2
𝑚1 𝑤1 − 𝑐
𝑚2 𝑤 2
2
Here, 𝑛𝑠 = 𝑐𝑠 2 is the steady-state photon number.
So,
2 𝛺𝑙2
𝑐𝑠 = 2
ℏ𝑔0 𝑐𝑠 2
𝜅2 + Δ𝑐 −𝑔0
2 ℏ2 𝑔2
𝑐
𝑚1 𝑤1 −
𝑚2 𝑤22
By rearranging the terms of above equation, we get a
third order polynomial of the steady-state photon
numbers ;

 𝑛𝑠3 + a𝑛𝑠2 + b𝑛𝑠 + c = 0 , where a,b and c are

functions of 𝑛𝑠 and pump field power
 Three roots, two are for stable and the third one is
for unstable regime of the steady-state photon
numbers.
 Thus, the steady-state photon numbers exhibits
the bistability behavior for some specific values of
the pump field power.
Mean intracavity photon numbers as a function of laser
power, exhibits the standard S-shaped bistability. As the laser
power increases from zero, there is only one real solution at
the beginning, however when laser power is larger than a
critical value, there are three real solutions.
 Bistability Condition
The cavity field detuning reaches to a certain value by
increasing the strength of the driving field called critical
detuning and the pump field also reaches to a critical value.
At this value the bistability takes place. In order to find the
critical value of the cavity field detuning, we set the
derivative of following equation to zero.

So, we get ;
∆𝑐 ≥ 3𝜅
The cavity field detuning
reaches to a certain
value by increasing the
strength of the driving
field called critical
detuning and the pump
field also reaches to a
critical value. At this
value the bistability takes
place.
Intracavity
photon
numbers as a
function of
coulomb
coupling
strength with
𝑔0 fixed
Intracavity photon numbers as function
of optomechanical coupling strength
with 𝑔𝑐 = 0