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NOTFLIX
AGRARIAN REFORM IN
THE PHILIPPINES…
The Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program,
more commonly known as CARP, is an agrarian
reform law of the Philippines whose legal basis
is the Republic Act No. 6657…
Agrarian reform can refer either, narrowly, to government-initiated or

government-backed redistribution of agricultural land or, broadly, to an
overall redirection of the agrarian system of the country, which often
includes land reform measures.
History of Agrarian Reform
Agrarian Reform Philippines S1:E1 “History”
Agrarian Reform on the different Eras

of the Philippines
Pre-Colonial Times (Before 16th Century)

• Land was commonly • Everyone in the barangay
owned by the community regardless of status had access on
known as barangay. the land and mutually shares
resources and the fruits of their
• This is a small unit of labor.
government consisting of • They believed and practiced the
30100 families concept of “stewardship” where
administered by the relationship between man and
chiefs. nature is important.
Land cultivation was done

commonly by kaingin system or
the slash and burn method
wherein land was cleared by
burning the bushes before
planting the crops or either land
was plowed and harrowed before
planting.
Maragtas Code seems to be the

only recorded transaction of land
sale during this time.
This tells us about the selling of

the Panay Island by the natives
to the ten Bornean datus in
exchange of a golden salakot and
a long gold necklace.
SPANISH ERA (1521-1896)

• When the Spaniards came to the
Philippines, the concept of encomienda
(Royal Land Grants) was introduced.
• The system, however, degenerated into

abuse of power by the encomienderos.
• The tribute soon became land rents to a

few powerful landlords. And the natives
who once cultivated the lands in freedom
were transformed into mere share tenants.

• The colonial government at this period introduced a pueblo
agriculture.
• The pueblo agriculture practiced no share cropper class

or landless class.

Through the Laws of the Indies, the Spanish crown awarded
vast tracts of land to wit:
- For the religious orders;
- Repartiamentos granted to the Spanish
military as a reward for their service; and
- Encomienda a large tracts of land given to Spaniards
(encomiendero) to manage and have the right to
receive tributes from the natives tilling it.
- Abusive encomienderos collected more tributes that became

the land rentals from the natives living in the area.
• A compras y vandalas system was practiced.
• People of the encomiendas were also required to render personal
services on public and religious work and as a household help to
the encomienderos.

- The Spanish crown made a law in
1865 ordering landholders to register
their landholdings.
Only those who were aware of these
decrees benefited.
Ancestral lands were claimed and
registered in other people’s names
(Spanish officials or local chieftains).
As a result, many peasant families were
driven out from the lands they have been
cultivating for centuries or were forced to
become tillers.

- As more tillers were abused, exploited and deprived
of their rights, the revolution of peasants and farmers in
1896 articulated their aspirations for agrarian reform and
for a just society.
- The revolutionary government confiscated the large

landed estates, especially the friar lands and declared these
as properties of the government. (Malolos Constitution,
1896, Article XVII)
AMERICAN ERA (1898-1935)
Realizing that being landless was the main cause of

social unrest and revolt at that time, the Americans sought
to put an end to the miserable conditions of the tenant
tillers and small farmers by passing several land policies
to widen the base of small landholdings and distribute land
ownership among the greater number of Filipino tenants and
farmers.
Realizing that being landless was the main cause of

social unrest and revolt at that time, the Americans sought
to put an end to the miserable conditions of the tenant
tillers and small farmers by passing several land policies to
widen the base of small landholdings and distribute land
ownership among the greater number of Filipino tenants and
farmers.
Philippine Bill of 1902

This law provided regulations on the disposal of
public lands wherein a private individual can own 16 hectares of land while the
corporate land holdings can avail of 1, 024 hectares. This also gave
the rights to the Americans to own agricultural lands
Homestead program of 1903

This program allowed an enterprising tenant to acquire a farm of
at least 16 hectares to cultivate. However, the program was not
implemented nationwide and was introduced only in some parts of
Mindanao and Northern Luzon, where there were available public
alienable and disposable lands.
There were widespread peasant uprisings, headed by

the armed peasants’ groups known as Colorum and Sakdalista of Luzon and
Northeastern Mindanao respectively.
• These uprisings resulted to social disorder in 1920’s and
1930’s.
• This gave birth to the Communist Party of the Philippines.

Significant legislation enacted during the American Period:
Land Registration Act of 1902 (Act No. 496) – Provided for a comprehensive registration of land titles
under the Torrens system.
Public Land Act of 1903 – introduced the homestead system in the Philippines.
Tenancy Act of 1933 (Act No. 4054 and 4113) – regulated relationships between landowners and
tenants of rice (50-50 sharing) and sugar cane lands.
The Torrens system, which the Americans instituted for the registration of lands, did
not solve the problem completely.
Commonwealth Period
President Manuel L. Quezon espoused the "Social Justice" program to

arrest the increasing social unrest in Central Luzon.
1935 Constitution – "The promotion of social justice to ensure the well-

being and economic security of all people should be the concern of the
State"
Commonwealth Act No. 178 (An Amendment to Rice Tenancy Act No. 4045), Nov. 13, 1936
– Provided for certain controls in the landlord-tenant relationships
Commonwealth Period
Rural Program Administration, created March 2, 1939 – Provided the purchase

and lease of haciendas and their sale and lease to the tenants.
Commonwealth Act No. 441 enacted on June 3, 1939 – Created the National
Settlement Administration with a capital stock of P20,000,000.
JAPANESE ERA
The Second World War II started in Europe in

1939 and in the Pacific in 1941.
During this occupation, peasants and workers

organized the HUKBALAHAP (Hukbong Bayan Laban sa mga
Hapon) on March 29, 1942 as an anti-Japanese group.
Agrarian Reform Philippines S1:E2 “Initiatives”
Hukbalahap controlled whole areas of Central

Luzon; landlords who supported the Japanese lost
their lands to peasants while those who supported
the Huks earned fixed rentals in favor of the
tenants.
Unfortunately, the end of war also signaled the end

of gains acquired by the peasants.
FRIAR LANDS AND

THE FRIAR ACT
The Augustinians, Dominicans, Jesuits and other

religious orders were all holders, administrators and
owners of vast tracts of land in different parts of the
country during the Spanish colonial period.
These "friar lands" or church lands were a big problem

when the Americans took administration of the Philippine
Islands.
Eventually, the friars were forced to sell these lands to the

Americans, and these real properties became part of
government administered lands classified as "friar lands". A
special classification under the Act 1120 (of the Congress of the United States) or
"The Friar Land Act".
These "friar lands" also became a source of

corruption of some of the American administrators.
These acts by the American administrators were in
violation of the existing laws at the time.
The Friar Lands Act

ACT NO. 1120
"AN ACT PROVIDING FOR THE ADMINISTRATION AND TEMPORARY

LEASING AND SALE OF CERTAIN HACIENDAS AND PARCELS OF LAND,
COMMONLY KNOWN AS FRIAR LANDS, FOR THE PURCHASE OF WHICH
THE GOVERNMENT OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS HAS RECENTLY
CONTRACTED, PURSUANT TO THE PROVISIONS OF SECTIONS SIXTY-
THREE, SIXTY-FOUR AND SIXTY-FIVE OF AN ACT OF THE CONGRESS OF
THE UNITED STATES, ENTITLED “AN ACT TEMPORARILY TO PROVIDE
FOR THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE AFFAIRS OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT IN
THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES,” APPROVED ON
THE FIRST DAY OF JULY, NINETEEN HUNDRED AND TWO"
The Friar Lands
The lands referred were the unassigned villages or lands belonging to

the government, lands which had been usurped by the religious
orders.
The orders established themselves without bothering with titles. The

church lands were temporarily alienated in 1834 and 1846.
In 1851 the breach was healed and the Spanish government
guaranteed to the church full rights to all its lands and properties, “to
acquire, hold and enjoy in propriety, and without limitations or
reserve, all kinds” of possessions, values,” etc.
“The history of an oppressed people is hidden in the lies and the agreed myth of its
conquerors.”
– Meridel Le Sueur, American writer
Government Initiatives on
Agrarian Reform
Manuel L. Quezon (1935-1944)

President Quezon laid down a social justice program focused on
the purchased of large haciendas which were divided and sold to
tenants. This administration was responsible in establishing the
National Rice and Corn Corporation (NARICC) and assigning public
defenders to assist peasants in court battles for their rights to till
the land.
Manuel L. Quezon (1935-1944)
• Budget allocation for the settlement program made it impossible

for the program to succeed. Widespread peasant uprising against
abusive landlords continued.
• In addition, the outbreak of the World War II put a stopped to

the landownership and tenancy interventions during this period.
After the establishment of the Philippine Independence in 1946, the

problems of land tenure remained. These became worst in certain areas.
Thus the Congress of the Philippines revised the tenancy law.
Manuel Roxas (1946-1948)
President Manuel A. Roxas enacted the following laws:
Republic Act No. 34 -- Established the 70-30 sharing arrangements and

regulating share-tenancy contracts.
Republic Act No. 55 -- Provided for a more effective safeguard against

arbitrary ejectment of tenants.
Manuel Roxas (1946-1948)
• However, due to lack of support facilities,

these farmers were forced to resell their lands
to the landowning class. This failure gave basis
to doubt the real meaning of land reform
program
Elpidio Quirino (1948-1953)

• Through Executive Order No. 355, the Land Settlement
Development Corporation (LASEDECO) was established to
accelerate and expand the peasant resettlement program of the
government. However, due to limited post-war resources, the program was
not successful.
Ramon Magsaysay (1953-1957)

• President Magsaysay realized the importance of pursuing a more
honest-to-goodness land reform program. He convinced the elite
controlled congress to pass several legislation to improve the land
reform situation.
• Out of the targeted 300 haciendas for

distribution, only 41 were distributed after its 7
years of implementation.

Ramon Magsaysay enacted the following laws:
Republic Act No. 1160 of 1954 -- Abolished the LASEDECO and established the
National Resettlement and Rehabilitation Administration (NARRA)
to resettle dissidents and landless farmers.
Republic Act No. 1199 (Agricultural Tenancy Act of 1954) -- governed the
relationship between landowners and tenant farmers by organizing
share-tenancy and leasehold system.
Carlos P. Garcia (1957-1961)
Republic Act No. 1400 (Land Reform Act of 1955) -- Created the Land Tenure Administration
(LTA) which was responsible for the acquisition and distribution of
large tenanted rice and corn lands over 200 hectares for
individuals and 600 hectares for corporations.
Carlos P. Garcia (1957-1961)
There was no legislation passed in his term but he continued to

implement the land reform programs of President Magsaysay.
Diosdasdo Macapagal (1961-1965)

President Diosdado Macapagal was considered the “Father of Agrarian Reform”
• It was during his term that the Agricultural Land Reform Code or RA No. 3844 was enacted on August
8, 1963. This was considered to be the most comprehensive piece of
agrarian reform legislation ever enacted in the country that time.
Diosdasdo Macapagal (1961-1965)
• This act was piloted in the provinces of Pangasinan,

Bulacan, Nueva Ecija, Pampanga, Tarlac, Occidental
Mindoro, Camarines Sur and Misamis Oriental. It
acquired a total of 18,247.06 hectares or 99.29% out of
the total scope of 18,377.05 hectares. The program
benefited 7,466 Farmer Beneficiaries. (BLAD-DAR
Official Records
Ferdinand E. Marcos (1965-1986

Proclamation No. 1081 on September 21, 1972 ushered the Period
of the New Society. Five days after the proclamation of Martial
Law, the entire country was proclaimed a land reform area and
simultaneously the Agrarian Reform Program was decreed.
Presidential Decree No. 27 became the heart of the Marcos reform. The law stipulated that share
tenants who worked from a landholding of over 7 hectares could
purchase the land they tilled, while share tenants on land less than
7 hectares would become leaseholders.
This agrarian reform program was designed to uplift the farmers from poverty
and ignorance and to make them useful, dignified, responsible and
progressive partners in nation-building.
This AR program was a package of services extended to farmers in

the form of credit support, infrastructure, farm extension, legal
assistance, electrification and development of rural institutions.
What were the five major components of President Marcos’

Agrarian Reform Program?
Land Tenure Program
Institutional Development
Physical Development
Agricultural Development ; and
Human Resources
• Scope of program was limited only to tenanted, privately owned

rice and corn lands;
• Foreign and local firms were allowed to use large tracks of land
for their business;
• Declaration of Martial Law leading to the arrest of several farmer

leaders without due process of law due to suspension of the Writ of
Habeas Corpus.
Corazon C. Aquino (1986-1992)

The Constitution ratified by the Filipino people during the administration of
President Corazon C. Aquino provides under Section 21 under Article II that
“The State shall promote comprehensive rural development and agrarian
reform.”
On June 10, 1988, former President Corazon C. Aquino signed into law
Republic Act No. 6657 or otherwise known as the Comprehensive Agrarian
Reform Law (CARL). The law became effective on June 15, 1988.
Subsequently, four Presidential issuances were released in July 1987 after 48

nationwide consultations before the actual law was enacted.

President Corazon C. Aquino enacted the following laws:
Executive Order No. 228, July 16, 1987 – Declared full ownership to qualified
farmer-beneficiaries covered by PD 27. It also determined the value
remaining unvalued rice and corn lands subject of PD 27 and provided for the
manner of payment by the FBs and mode of compensation to landowners.
Executive Order No. 229, July 22, 1987 – Provided mechanism for the
implementation of the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP).
Proclamation No. 131, July 22, 1987 – Instituted the CARP as a major program
of the government. It provided for a special fund known as the Agrarian
Reform Fund (ARF), with an initial amount of Php50 billion to cover the
estimated cost of the program from 1987-1992.

Executive Order No. 129-A, July 26, 1987 – streamlined and expanded the
power and operations of the DAR.
Republic Act No. 6657, June 10, 1988 (Comprehensive
Agrarian Reform Law) – An act which became effective June 15,
1988 and instituted a comprehensive agrarian reform program to promote
social justice and industrialization providing the mechanism for its
implementation and for other purposes. This law is still the one being
implemented at present.
Executive Order No. 405, June 14, 1990 – Vested in the Land Bank of the
Philippines the responsibility to determine land valuation and compensation
for all lands covered by CARP.
Executive Order No. 407, June 14, 1990 – Accelerated the acquisition and
distribution of agricultural lands, pasture lands, fishponds, agro-forestry lands
and other lands of the public domain suitable for agriculture.

This administration received much support and active involvement in program
implementation from key stakeholders such as people’s organization, farmer’s
association, NGO’s and from prominent landowners themselves.
Despite the Agrarian Reform Fund (ARF), this administration experienced a

major budgetary shortfall due to low remittances from the Asset Privatization
Trust and the Presidential Commission on Good Government.
This administration also experienced constant changes in DAR leadership. This

led to lack of continuity of priority, programs and projects.
Allegation on lack of political wills leadership and genuine commitment to

implement the program. Critics say that the President could have
implemented a genuine agrarian reform program because of her revolutionary
powers after People Power I.
Agrarian Reform Philippines S1:E3 “Hacienda de Calamba”
The Church at the Hacienda

HISTORY
• By late 19th century, three religious orders—Dominicans, Augustinians,
and Recollects—had acquired about one tenth of all the improved lands
in the archipelago.
• The area was said to be one of the villages of Tabuco, now Cabuyao,
Laguna.
HISTORY
• One of the haciendas acquired by the Dominicans in 1833 was the
Calamba Nueva in Laguna which was subsequently included Calamba
Vieja in 1883. The two haciendas were collectively called the Hacienda
de Calamba. The territorial extent hacienda de Calamba at the time of
its acquisition was 16,424 hectares
• Don Clemente de Azansa. With a partial payment of 20,000.00 pesos, the possession
of the estate was conveyed to Azansa. He undertook to pay the balance
of the purchase price annually with five percent (5%) interest. By 19
November 1802, Azansa paid a total of 44,007.00 pesos. And by 28
January 1803, the land title was awarded to him.
HISTORY
“It is known that the ancestors of this Filipino ingrate
(Jose Rizal) came to Calamba as simple tenants, poor folk
on the brink of destitution who rented lands, and little by
little created their fortune on the hacienda of the
Dominicans.”
 The Hacienda, for many years, yielded more than enough for the
tenants.
 The tenants were able to erect houses of strong materials and
their children were able to study in elite schools in Manila and
Europe.
 Before 1887, Calamba college students in Manila numbered more
than twenty (20) men students and three (3) colegialas.
 The prosperity, however, was short-lived as the Philippines
plunged into agricultural and economic crisis
While the rent increased, the price of sugar was so low
To punish the tenants for their lack of

punctuality, the administrator declared all
the lands of the hacienda vacant. He also
invited citizens of other towns to take
over all the lands.
Frightened, some tenants paid their

obligations with the distressed sale of
their sugar. Others ignored the
administrator altogether
Year 1887 was a time when the colony faced a commercial

and agricultural crisis was at its peak
On 21 August 1889, Friar Gabriel Fernandez, administrator of the

Hacienda, for and in behalf of the Corporacion de Padres Dominicos de
Filipinas filed a formal petition to declare the estate rented and
held by the defaulting tenants vacant.
Year 1889, the situation in Calamba worsened.
The harvest was bad

The climates weren’t cooperating.
The receipts are missing, some are useless.
Unpaid Rents piled up
The agitation began.
By August, after the tenants boycotted the May canon

collection
Almost sixty (60) tenants were sued by the
administrator of the Hacienda before the Court of
the Justice of the Peace
The case of Don Francisco Rizal y Mercado

was a representative case.
Friar Gabriel claimed the Rizal resident to be vacant

and the family was evicted
Court battles and petitions proceeded. Tenants

fighting for their rights and their claims to the land.
Rizal
House
During the years

They were informed that their
1887 to 1889, the places would be declared
town of Calamba vacant if they could not pay
experienced an the money. Alarmed and in
economic decline. distress, the people squeezed
The tenants of the out every cent they have.
Hacienda de
Calamba could That year, the hacienda collected
hardly pay their 7,465 cavans of palay and 14,136
annual rents pesos in rents
In 1890, after all

the cunning means
were exhausted,
the hacienda
resorted to
confiscations and
evictions
Two, three, four and then finally, twelve
families were driven out of their homes.
Their family belongings were left in the
streets
However, the dispossessions and

evictions seemed to have no effect
on the tenants. ―All those who had
been dispossessed of their lands
sometime ago returned to take
possession of them by force. The
bold ones returned to their houses
after abandoning them
Calamba was in total chaos.

―”Believe me” pleaded Narcisa

Rizal to his brother Jose, ―”if
this outrage continues, Calamba
is going to die.”
Seven months later, in October and November 1891, twenty nine (29) more
tenants of the rural and urban areas of the hacienda were evicted by the
agents of the department of justice.
From an uncomplicated legalistic perspective, it is easy to

determine who should be the prevailing party in the Hacienda
de Calamba agrarian problem.
The prevailing party should be

the Corporacion de Padres
Dominicos de Filipinas
Why?
The Calambeños were estopped from questioning the

ownership of the Corporacion over the lands of
hacienda as they themselves tacitly acknowledged the
Corporacion’s ownership by renting the said lands
Another principle of justice that comes into play

under the circumstances surrounding the
Hacienda de Calamba agrarian problem is laches or
delay or negligence for an unreasonable length
of time in pursuing a legal claim on the part of the
Calambeños
But the legal adjudication of the issues does not put

the problem to rest. The Calambeños
wanted to know the metes and bounds of the
Hacienda de Calamba so that ―all the lands not
included…can be declared free from the payment of
rent, and the amount of rent unjustly collected
for it be returned.
The short term effect of the

Hacienda de Calamba agrarian
problems was the eviction of
more than three hundred (300)
insolvent families who were
tenants and subtenants of the
estate.
These evictees were
subsequently replaced by
tenants with deeper pockets
The long term effect of the

Hacienda de Calamba agrarian
problems was the culmination of
hatred against the Friars which
outbursts into a harsh rebellion and
the led to lost of the last
possessions of the once mighty
Spanish empire
For want of a horse,

the kingdom is lost!
Agrarian Reform Philippines S1:E4 “El Filibusterismo”
The saga of an ordinary Calambeño

struggling against the hacienda
administrators was fictionalized by
Rizal in his second propaganda
novel,
El Filibusterismo.
Though fictionalized, Rizal cannot help but pour out raw

emotions of rage, despair and helplessness. He even
named names of real people, especially the victims of
senseless banishments
After the fictional character Cabesang Tales killed

the friar-administrator of the hacienda and the
new tenants of his lands, Rizal then made the
following lamentations naming
The Saga of Cabesang Tales

and his Family
Chapters IV, IX, and X of El Filibusterismo entitled ―Cabesang

Tales,‖ ―Pilates,‖ and ―Wealth and Want,‖ Rizal retold the
story of a lowly native farmer, a loyal subject of Spain, who
prospered through hard work and lost his fortunes when the
Friars usurped his lands. He lost his fortunes, his family and
eventually his loyalty to mother Spain
The Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program, more

commonly known as CARP, is an agrarian reform law of the
Philippines whose legal basis is the Republic Act No.
6657, otherwise known as the Comprehensive Agrarian
Reform Law (CARL)
An amendatory law, CARPER or the Comprehensive

Agrarian Reform Program Extension with Reforms or the
Republic Act. 9700 was passed. It extended the deadline of
distributing agricultural lands to the farmers for an additional
five years
Agrarian Reform Philippines S1:E5 “The Interview”
Mauro Natabio Jr
-“kung ang panahon bala init lang
gid permi, ti need man dapat nga
maulanan ang tanom mo mag abuno na
siya”
-“Ang mga tawo, kay kis a ga

barato ang bili bala ka kalamay ti
ila sweldo bi sa isa ka semana
gagmay ga reklamo na sila”
The Friar land scandal is important and shows

how Filipinos were robbed of their soil.
“The history of an oppressed people is hidden in

the lies and the agreed myth of its conquerors.”
– Meridel Le Sueur

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Students sleeping Students Students nga

Agrarian reform can refer either, narrowly, to government-initiated or

Agrarian Reform on the different Eras

Pre-Colonial Times (Before 16th Century)

Pre-Colonial Times (Before 16th Century)

Land cultivation was done

Pre-Colonial Times (Before 16th Century)

Maragtas Code seems to be the

This tells us about the selling of

SPANISH ERA (1521-1896)

• The system, however, degenerated into

• The tribute soon became land rents to a

SPANISH ERA (1521-1896)

• The pueblo agriculture practiced no share cropper class

SPANISH ERA (1521-1896)

SPANISH ERA (1521-1896)

- Abusive encomienderos collected more tributes that became

SPANISH ERA (1521-1896)

SPANISH ERA (1521-1896)

- The revolutionary government confiscated the large

AMERICAN ERA (1898-1935)

Realizing that being landless was the main cause of

AMERICAN ERA (1898-1935)

Realizing that being landless was the main cause of

AMERICAN ERA (1898-1935)

Philippine Bill of 1902

AMERICAN ERA (1898-1935)

Homestead program of 1903

AMERICAN ERA (1898-1935)

There were widespread peasant uprisings, headed by

AMERICAN ERA (1898-1935)

President Manuel L. Quezon espoused the "Social Justice" program to

1935 Constitution – "The promotion of social justice to ensure the well-

Rural Program Administration, created March 2, 1939 – Provided the purchase

The Second World War II started in Europe in

During this occupation, peasants and workers

Hukbalahap controlled whole areas of Central

Unfortunately, the end of war also signaled the end

FRIAR LANDS AND

The Augustinians, Dominicans, Jesuits and other

These "friar lands" or church lands were a big problem

Eventually, the friars were forced to sell these lands to the

These "friar lands" also became a source of

The Friar Lands Act

"AN ACT PROVIDING FOR THE ADMINISTRATION AND TEMPORARY

The Friar Lands

The lands referred were the unassigned villages or lands belonging to

The orders established themselves without bothering with titles. The

Manuel L. Quezon (1935-1944)

Manuel L. Quezon (1935-1944)

• Budget allocation for the settlement program made it impossible

• In addition, the outbreak of the World War II put a stopped to

After the establishment of the Philippine Independence in 1946, the

Manuel Roxas (1946-1948)

President Manuel A. Roxas enacted the following laws:

Republic Act No. 34 -- Established the 70-30 sharing arrangements and

Republic Act No. 55 -- Provided for a more effective safeguard against

Manuel Roxas (1946-1948)

• However, due to lack of support facilities,

Elpidio Quirino (1948-1953)

Ramon Magsaysay (1953-1957)

Ramon Magsaysay (1953-1957)