Functions

Session Objectives

1. Function definition
2. Domain, codomain and range
3. Standard real functions
4. Applications
 Functions vs. Relations
• A "relation" is just a relationship
between sets of information.

• A “function” is a well-behaved
relation, that is, given a starting
point we know exactly where
to go.
 Example
• People and their heights, i.e. the
pairing of names and heights.
• We can think of this relation as
ordered pair:
• (height, name)
• Or
• (name, height)
 Example (continued)
Name Height

Joe=1 6’=6

Mike=2 5’9”=5.75

Rose=3 5’=5

Kiki=4 5’=5

Jim=5 6’6”=6.5
 (Height, Name) (Name, Height)

6 7
6.5
6
Jim 5
5.5
5
Kiki 4
4.5

Height
4
Rose 3 3.5
3

Mike 2 2.5
2
1.5
Joe 1
1
0.5
0
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Height Joe Mike Rose Kiki Jim

• Both graphs are relations

• (height, name) is not well-behaved .
• Given a height there might be several names corresponding to that height.
• How do you know then where to go?
• For a relation to be a function, there must be exactly one y value that
corresponds to a given x value.
 Conclusion and Definition
• Not every relation is a function.
• Every function is a relation.
• Definition:

Let X and Y be two nonempty sets.

A function from X into Y is a relation that
associates with each element of X exactly one
element of Y.
• Recall, the graph of (height, name):
(Height, Name)

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7

Height

What happens at the height = 5?

Function
Let A and B be two non-empty sets
having m and n elements respectively,
then the number of relations possible
from A to B is 2mn. Out of these 2mn
relations some are called function
(or mappings) from A to B provided
following two conditions hold in the
relation:

(i) All the elements of A are associated to

elements of B.
(ii) Each element of A is associated to one and only
one element of B, i.e. no element of A is
associated to two (or more) elements of B.
Definition

Function ‘f’ from set A to set B associates

each element of A to unique (i.e. one and
only one) element of B denoted by
f : A  B (read as ‘f from A to B’)

Observations:
(i) A relation from A to B is not a
function if it either violates
condition 1 or 2 or both, i.e.
either some element of A is not
associated to element of B or
some element of A is associated
to more than one elements of B
or both.
(ii) In a function from A to B, two
elements of A can be associated
to one element of B (examples
R7, R10)
Observations
(i) A relation from A to B is not a function
if it either violates condition 1 or 2 or
both, i.e. either some element of A is
not associated to element of B or some
element of A is associated to more than
one elements of B or both.
(ii) In a function from A to B, two elements
of A can be associated to one element
of B (examples R7, R10) A B A B

V alidfor Not validfor

function functionsbut validfor
(iii) If f :A  B be the function, then relations
o(f) = o(A) and Dom(f) = A.
Domain, Codomain and Range of a Function
Let f :A  B be the function, then set ‘A’
is called the domain of f and set ‘B’ is
called the codomain of f. The set of
those elements of B which are related
by elements of A is called range of f
or image of set A under f and is
denoted by f(A), i.e.
f  A    f  a  | a  A   Range of f.

Clearly, f  A   B.
Domain, Codomain and Range of a Function
For example:
A B A B
R7 R8
a 1 a 1
b 2 b 2

Dom (R7) = {a, b}, Domain (R8) = {a, b}

Codomain = {1, 2} Codomain (R8) = {1, 2}
Range (R7) = {1} Range (R8) = {1, 2}
= Codomain (R8)
Domain, Codomain and Range of a Function
For example:

A B A B
R7 R8
a 1 a 1
b 2 b 2

Dom (R7) = {a, b}, Domain (R8) = {a, b}

Codomain = {1, 2} Codomain (R8) = {1, 2}
Range (R7) = {1} Range (R8) = {1, 2}
= Codomain (R8)
Equal Functions

Two functions f and g are said to be

equal iff
(i) Dom (f) = Dom (g)
(ii) Codom (f) = Codom (g)
(iii) f  x   g  x   x  Dom  f  or Dom (g)

If all these three conditions holds, then

we can write f = g.
Mathematical Way to Prove a
Relation to be a Function
If A and B be two non-empty sets,
f be the relation from A to B (i.e. f  A  B ),
then f is function from A to B if

(i)  a  A  b  B st. a, b  f and

(ii) x  y  f  x   f  y  for any x, y  A

Some Standard Real Functions and
Their Graphs
Real functions
Functions in which both domain and
codomain are the subsets of R, i.e. set
of real numbers.

y  f  x :a, c   R, then
w
Domain of f is [a, c]
v
Codomain is R
u Range is [u, w]

a b c
Some Standard Real Functions and
Their Graphs
Constant function: f(x) = c
Let f : R  R be the real function defined as
f  x   c  x  R for some c  R

Dom (f) = R, Codomain (f) = R,

Range (f) = {c}
y

(0, c) y = f(x) = c

x Note: f : A  B is constant
O
function if  a  A, f(a) = c
for some c  B.
Some Standard Real Functions and
Their Graphs
Identity function: f(x) = x
Let f : R  R be the real function defined as
f  x  x  x  R
Dom (f) = R
Codomain (f) = R
Range (f) = R
y
Note: f : A  A given by f(a) = a
 a  A is identity function denoted
x

by I (same as identity relation)

)=
f(x

A
=
y

x
O
Some Standard Real Functions and
Their Graphs
Modulus function: f(x) = |x|
Let f : R  R be the real function defined as
 x, x  0
f x  x  
 x, x  0
Domain (f) = R, Codomain (f) = R,
Range (f) = x|x  R, x  0  0,  (as x  0 )
= set of non-negative real numbers.
y

y= f(x) = x x
– =
x y

x
x<0 O x0
Some Standard Real Functions and
Their Graphs
Greatest integer function: f(x) = [x]
Let f : R  R be the real function defined as
f  x    x  x  R
= greatest integer less than or equal to x.

For example:
[2.1] = 2, i.e. greatest integer less than or equal
to 2.1 is 2, similarly
[–2.1] = –3
[2] = 2
[3 . 9] = 3
[–3 . 9] = –4
Some Standard Real Functions and
Their Graphs
Hence [x] = 0  0  x  1
= 1  1 x  2
= 2 2x3
and so on. y

Also [x] = –1   1  x  0 3 y = [x]

2
= –2   2  x  1 and so on.
1
Combining we get [x] = n for x
–4 – 3 – 2 – 1 O 1 2 3 4
n  x  n  1 n z –1
–2
–3
Some Standard Real Functions and
Their Graphs
Filled circle means, point is on the graph.

4
3 y = [x]
2
1

x
–4 – 3 – 2 – 1 O 1 2 3 4
–1 unfilled circle means, point is not on
the graph.
–2
Dom(f) = R, Codomain (f) = R
–3
Range (f) = z
–4
Thank you