Innovation in steel

Cellular steel beams

• Cellular steel beams have circular patterns in
their webs.
• Their design uses steel efficiently to achieve
long spans ideal for routing of mechanical
systems within buildings. Safe open
illuminated spaces perfect for parking
garages, bus terminals and assembly
buildings, are standard design feature
incorporated into all cellular beams.
• Cellular beams are routinely galvanized or
painted to offer an attractive appearance
enhancing visible building structures
appearances while maximizing their life
cycle.
• Cellular beams strength, appearance, spans,
and overall value make them solutions that
enhance many building applications.
 Castellated Beams
• Castellated steel beams have hexagonal
patterns in their web.
• The principle advantage of the steel beam
castellation process is that you increase the
depth of a beam to increase its strength,
without increasing its weight.
• So when it comes to maximizing load
bearing capacity, the castellated beam is
highly steel efficient.
• Through castellation, you can increase the
length of the beam to create wide-span and
wide-open bay designs.
• Castellated beam characteristics make them
ideal for almost any structure that seeks to
minimize foundation and column costs while
maximizing any structures open spaces.
• . Castellated beams fortified strength,
appearance, spans, and overall value make
them ideal solutions to consider for many
building applications
• A DELTABEAM® is made from four steel plates
welded together to allow for optimization of
plate thickness. Reinforcement is also added
inside the beam at the plant to achieve
required fire resistance once filled with
concrete.
• DELTABEAM® Composite Beam benefits
• Slim Floor: Uniform thickness starting at 8
inches.
• Long spans over 35 feet.
• Integrated fire resistance of up to 4 hours.
• Composite Columns are made from a hollow
steel section with a shop installed
reinforcement cage placed inside and
columns are later filled with concrete on site.
Standard HSS Profiles are available in square,
rectangular and round sections.
• Composite Column Benefits
• Integrated fire resistance of up to 4 hours.
• No curing time required to load the columns.
• Single-story columns
• Used with continuous
beams for longer spans or
shallower profiles.
• May reduce the beam
price by up to 20%
compared to single span
beams due to the
benefits of using the
negative moment at the
connection.
• Usually filled from the
top.
• Multi-story columns
• No height restrictions
when using custom built
HSS sections.
• Usually filled from the
bottom.
• Reduces the number of
components (crane
picks).
• Used with single span
beams
 Hybrid masonary
• Hybrid masonry is a new type of building system
that uses engineered, reinforced masonry to brace
frame structures.
• Typically, hybrid masonry is implemented
with concrete masonry panels used to brace steel
frame structures. The basic concept is to attach a
reinforced concrete masonry panel to a structural
steel frame such that some combination of gravity
forces, story shears and overturning moments can
be transferred to the masonry.
• The structural engineer can choose from three
different types of hybrid masonry (I, II, or III) and
two different reinforcement anchorage types (a &
b).
• In conventional steel frame building systems, the
vertical force resisting steel frame system is
supported in the lateral direction by steel bracing or
an equivalent system. When the architectural plans
call for concrete masonry walls to be placed within
the frame, extra labor is required to ensure the
masonry fits around the steel frame.
• Usually, this placement does not take advantage of
the structural properties of the masonry panels. In
hybrid masonry, the masonry panels take the place
of conventional steel bracing, utilizing the structural
properties of reinforced concrete masonry walls.
Construction of Steel Frame Structure
Foundation
• Steel framed structure construction
begins with the construction of its
foundation. Generally, the types of
foundation required for the given
structure is based on the soil bearing
capacity.
• Soil investigation including surface
and subsurface exploration is used to
assess the condition of soil on which
steel frame structure rests.
• For example, when moderate or low
loads are imposed, then it is advised
to use reinforced concrete bearing
pads or strip foundation. These
foundation types transfer loads to
soil capable of supporting transferred
loads.
 Steel Column Construction

• There are various sizes of steel column section to

choose and these steel columns are commonly
produced in advance.
• The most significant point in column installation is
the connection between foundation and column
and splices between columns.
• Regarding foundation to column joints, base plates
are welded to the end of columns. The most desired
shape of base plate is square and rectangular
shape. Typical details of column to foundation
connection is shown in Figure-6.
• It should be known that, the most desired shape of
base plate is rectangular and square shape because
such plates provide largest spacing between the
bolts which is desirable.
• As far as column splices are concern, it is provided
in every two or three storey to ease erection
process in addition to simplify steel column
production and deliveries.
• The distance between floor and column splice is
about 60cm. When circular steel columns are used,
weld connection is used to join both steel columns
above and below.
 Erection of Steel Beams

• Various prefabricated beam sections

are available to be used in the
construction multi storey steel frame
structure. Beams commonly transfer
loads from floors and roof to the
columns.
• Steel beam members can span up to
18m, but the most usual range of
steel beam spans rang from 3m to
9m.
• While steel beams are erected,
column to beam connection and
beam to beam connections are
encountered. There are different
types of column to beam connection
which are selected based on the type
of loads imposed on the column to
beam joint.
 Floor Systems Used in Steel Frame
Structure Construction
• Floor Systems Used in Steel Frame Structure
Construction
• There are various types of floor systems
which can be used in the steel frame
structure construction. Floors are commonly
installed as the beams are erected.
• Not only do the floors systems support
vertical applied loads but also they act like
diaphragms and resist lateral loads through
the use of bracings.
• Examples of floor systems include Short-span
composite beams and slabs with metal
decking, Slimdek, Cellular composite beams
with slabs and steel decking, Slimflor beams
with precast concrete units, Long-span
composite beams and slabs with metal
decking, Composite beams with precast
concrete units and Non-composite beams
with precast concrete units.
 Types of Floors Systems Used for
Multi-Storey Steel Structure
Construction
• Short-span composite beams and composite slabs
with metal decking
• Slimdek floor system
• Cellular composite beams with composite slabs
and steel decking
• Slimflor beams with precast concrete units
• Long-span composite beams and composite slabs
with metal decking
• Composite beams with precast concrete units
• Non-composite beams with precast concrete units
 Short-Span Composite Beams and
Composite Slabs with Metal Decking
• Short-Span Composite Beams and
Composite Slabs with Metal Decking
• he components of such system consist of
steel beam with shear studs fixed on its top
flange that create a composite action
between the beam and composite slab.
• The slab consists of steel profile on which in
situ concrete are poured. Various steel deck
profiles are available and their span ranges
are from 3m to 4m.
• Common advantages of this floor system are
cost effective, light weight and requires
thinner beams compared with non-
composite floor systems.
• As far as composite floor disadvantages are
concerned, beams need fire protection, large
numbers of columns are needed, greater
floor thickness compared with other
systems.
 Slimdek Floor System
• The overall floor thickness is between
500mm to 1200mm. The span of slimdek
floor system ranges from 6.5m to 7.5m.
• The most outstanding advantages of slimdek
floor system is that it provides almost a
leveled soffit which simplify utility
installation and the thickness of the floor is
smaller compared with other systems.
Consequently, the total height of the
structure can be decreased.
• There are certain disadvantages that
associated with slimdek floor system. For
example, special connection detailing would
be required due to the difference between
top and bottom flange width. The weight of
steel is commonly larger in comparison with
other floor systems.
Riveting and Weilding