ERD: Normalization

SEEM3430: Information Systems

Analysis and Design
 Data Normalization
• Organize data attributes in the logical data mo
del so that they are grouped in a stable and fle
xible manner.
• Based on the functional dependence concept.

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 Functional Dependency
• Relationship between two attributes
– For any relation R, attribute B is functionally depe
ndent on attribute A if, for every valid instance of
A, that value of A uniquely determines the value o
f B.

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 Normal Form Description

First Normal A relation is in 1NF if it

Form (1NF) contains no repeating data
elements.

Second A relation is in 2NF if it is in

Normal Form 1NF and contains no partial
(2NF) functional dependencies.

Third Normal A relation is in 3NF if it is in

Form (3NF) 2NF and contains no
transitive dependencies.

Table 6-6. The Three Common Normalized Forms

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 First Normal Form (1NF)
• Contains no repeating elements
– any entity that contains one or more multivalued
attributes must be transformed
• Figure 6-10

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Figure 6-10. The Three Common Normalized Forms
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 Second Normal Form (2NF)
• A relation is in 1NF and it contains no partial fu
nctional dependencies.
• Partial functional dependency exists when one
or more of the nonkey attributes can be define
d by less than the full primary key.

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Figure 6-11. Second Normal Form
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 Third Normal Form (3NF)
• A relation is in 2NF and no transitive depende
ncies exist.
– Transitive Dependency: when one or more nonkey
attributes can be derived from one or more other
nonkey attributes

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Figure 6-12. Third Normal Form
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 The fully Normalized ERD
• Shows all the entities, their attributes, and the
ir relationships to all other entities.
• From the logical data model, the physical mod
el of the database can be easily constructed.

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