VARIABLES

WHAT IS A VARIABLE?

• Any characteristics which is

subject to change and can
have more than one value in
the study.
 KINDS OF
VARIABLES
INDEPENDENT VARIABLES
• Variable that presumably cause a change in another
variable
• “manipulated variable”
• Usually these are treatments or conditions that produce
varied response or effect.

EXAMPLE:
“BANANA PSEUDO STEM SAP AS LIQUID FERTILIZER ON
LETTUCE”

“YIELD OF EGGPLANTS PLANTED AT THE BACK GARDEN

USING CHICKEN DUNG AND COW MANURE AS ORGANIC
FERTILIZER”
 DEPENDENT VARIABLES

• Those who are affected by the

independent variable.
• “the effects/responses from the
treatment employed”
• OBSERVED/MEASURED
CONFOUNDING/EXTRANEOUS
VARIABLES
• Undesirable variables that
influence the relationship
between the variables an
experimenter is examining.
 CONTROL VARIABLE / CONSTANT
VARIABLE

• NOT ALLOWED to be changed

unpredictably during an experiment
• They are expected to remain the
same.
 INTERVENING VARIABLE
• Hinders the independent or dependent
variables, but the effects can either
strengthen or weaken the independent
and dependent variables.
CONSTRUCTS
&
CONCEPTS
 CONSTRUCTS
• are mental abstractions derived from the
combination of concepts, or your mental
representations of the world around you.
• GENERAL

EXAMPLES:
• Age, Sex, Height, Weight, Attitude, Pollution,
Education
 CONCEPTS
• MORE PARTICULAR

• More comprehensible and meaningful

because they help you to clearly
express the events, experiences, things
phenomena and people you are
interested in.
 COMPARISON
CONCEPT CONSTRUCT
• AGE • Young or Old
• SEX • Male or Female
• HEIGHT • Short or Tall
• WEIGHT • Light or Heavy
• ATTITUDE • Good or Bad
• POLLUTION • Land, Air or Water
• EDUCATION • Grade School, High
School, College
 LEVELS OF
MEASUREMENT
OF VARIABLES
 FOUR LEVELS OF
MEASUREMENT
• NOMINAL SCALES
• ORDINAL SCALES
• INTERVAL SCALES
• RATIO SCALES
NOMINAL SCALES
• Concerned with the names and categories of
responses.
• They do not intend to quantify the data.
• Qualitative and categorical variables are examples.

• EXAMPLES:
• Nationality
• Hair Color
• Sections
• Sex
ORDINAL SCALES
• Used data that intends to be ranked.
• This scale is expressed through sequential and
numerical order and therefore allows a comparison
of degree.
• Qualitative and sometimes quantitative variables
are measured using this scale.

EXAMPLES:
• RANKS, 1ST 2ND 3RD
• SATISFACTION, GOOD, BETTER BEST
 INTERVAL SCALES
• Equal unites of measurement and intervals to know
the distance between them more than the
sequence.
• Does not use zero as its base point.
• Quantitative data are usually measured using this
scale.

EXAMPLE:
I.Q, Attitude, Temperature
 RATIO SCALE
• Highest Level of measurement
• Variables will be more accurately measured
because a ratio scale uses zero as its base point.
• It permits comparison of both differences in scores
and the relative magnitude of scores.

EXAMPLES:
• Height
• Weight
• Age