• Abstract

• We are familiar with the properties of finite

dimensional vector spaces over a field. Many
of the results that are valid in finite
dimensional vector spaces can very well be
extended to infinite dimensional cases
sometimes with slight modifications in
definitions. But there are certain results that
do not hold in infinite dimensional cases. Here
we consolidate some of those results and
Literature review
 Black cotton soil
(Properties and problems)
• Expansive soil. Swell pressure of 50-800kN/sq.m.
• Bearing capacity 150kN/sq.m.
• Dry density 1300-1800kg/cu.m
• Liquid Limit (L.L.) 40 to 120%
• Plastic Limit (P.L.) 20 to 60%
• Problematic soil from Civil Engineering point of view.
• Rich in mineral Montmorillonite (one alumina sheet
sandwiched between two silica sheets).
• Generally prevails in central and southern parts of India.
• Creates high upward pressure , lifting the foundation upwards.
• Increases in volume up to 20% to 30% of original volume.
 BC soil stabilization
• Can be stabilized using lime, cement, fly ash etc.
• Stabilization stops swelling property to certain extent.
• Also increases UCC strength. Increased by 250% when added
enzymes (according toA.U. Ravi Shankar)
• MDD increased by 6.29% on addition of 3% lime.(according
to Brajesh Mishra)
• Using tonics ( medical waste) as stabilization for BC soil.
 X-Ray Diffraction
• Powerful tool to identify minerals in rocks and soils.
• Provides details of atomic structure of crystalline substances.
• X ray diffraction is governed by Bragg's law i.e. nƛ=2dsinƟ.
• Principle: "Every crystalline substance gives a pattern. In a
mixture each produces its patterns independently of others."
• Finds crystal structure of unknown material
• Determine orientation of single material
• Measures size, shape and internal stress of small crystalline
structures.
X-Ray Diffraction on BC soil