Exceptional

Development
 Language disorder refers to any systematic deviation in
the way people speak, listen, read, write or sign that
interferes with their ability to communicate with their
peers.

 Language disability covers a wide spectrum of

dysfunction as in fluency and articulation disorders.

 Deafness is a physical impairment that causes language

disorder.
 Aphasia
is the loss of ability to use and understand language.
It excludes other language disorders caused by
physical conditions such as deafness.
language impairment that is caused by specific brain
damage.
can be categorized according to the particular area
of the brain that is damaged into receptive,
expressive and global aphasias.
Aphasia disorders usually develop quickly as a result
of head injury or stroke and progressive forms of
aphasia develop slowly from a brain tumor, infection
or dementia.
Receptive aphasia

 also known as WERNICKE’S APHASIA,FLUENT APHASIA,

OR SENSORY APHASIA. It results from a lesion to a
region in the upper back part of the temporal lobe of
the brain called WERNICKE’S AREA. People afflicted
with this type of aphasia manifest no difficulty in
articulation or disfluency. Their language is
characterized by excessive fluency.
PAUL BROCA

CARL WERNICKE
Expressive aphasia
 (non-fluent aphasia), also known as BROCA’S
APHASIA. It is one subset of a larger family of
disorders known collectively as aphasia. It is
characterized by the loss of the ability to
produce language(spoken or written).
Global aphasia
 combination of receptive and expressive
aphasia.
 sometimes referred to as irreversible aphasia
syndrome.(Piper,1998)
 In Piper 1998,Dyslexia is defined as defective reading
or severe reading disability.
 In 1968, the World Federation of Neurologists defined
Dyslexia as a “disorder” in children.
 In U.S National Institute of Health, Dyslexia is a
learning disability that can hinder a persons ability to
read.
 represents loss of competency due to brain injury,
degeneration and developmental failure to keep pace
with reading instruction.
 Popularly known as word blindness.
Three types of Dyslexia that can affect the child’s ability to read:

Trauma dyslexia
occurs injury to the area of the brain that controls reading and
writing.

Primary Dyslexia
it is a dysfunction of, rather than damage to the left side of the
brain
and does not change with age.

Secondary or Developmental Dyslexia

it is felt to be caused by hormonal development during the early
stages
of fetal development.
 Three different functions of Dyslexia:
Visual dyslexia
the inability to write symbols in the correct sequence.

Auditory dyslexia
involves difficulty with sounds of letters or group of letters.

Dysgraphia
refers to the child’s difficulty holding and controlling a pencil
so that
the correct marking can be made on the paper.
 Posterior alexia
 Dejerine , describe the syndrome of posterior alexia in
adult who could write but not read.

Two forms of Alexia:

Optic alexia
is seen in adults with occipital lesions where letters similar
in configuration are mistaken from another.

Verbal alexia
associated with occipital lesions where patients could easily
recognize letters but could not grasp whole word.
 SIGMUND FREUD

Dysgnosia
 a cognitive disorder, esp. one resulting from a
mental disorder or disease.
 it means loss of the ability to recognize objects.
Agnostic dyslexia
patients can read but throw a slow, letter by letter
analysis of a word.

Agnosia or absence of knowledge

is a loss of ability to recognize objects, persons, sounds,
shapes, or smells while the specific sense is not defective
nor is there any significant memory loss.
THANK YOU AND GOD BLESS