SUDAN AND SOUTHERN SUDAN – A TERRIBLE EQUATION:

OCCUPATION + INDEPENDENCE + CIVIL WAR #1 + CIVIL WAR #2 +

INDEPENDENCE + A NEW NATION + ANOTHER CIVIL WAR =
A BIG, SAD, TRAGIC MESS!!!
 Standards
SS7CG2 The student will explain the structures of the
modern governments of Africa.
b. Explain how political, economic, and social conflicts
resulted in the independence of South Sudan.
Sudan

Before 2011
Sudan and South Sudan
MOST FAMOUS MAN FROM SUDAN
IN THE USA – MANUTE BOL

Came to the USA to play basketball

7 feet, 7 inches Tall
Born into the Dinka Tribe
His grandpa was 7’10!!
THE MOST FAMOUS MEN IN SUDAN –
You will learn about them today.

Omar Bashir –
President of (North)
Sudan Salva Kiir Mayardit Riek Machar
President of South Sudan Vice-President of South Sudan.
• Was once the largest country in Africa

• The south split away from the north IN 2011 so

now we have SUDAN and SOUTH SUDAN

• Sudan split in two because the north and south

could not get along…they still don’t.
• Great Britain established colonial rule and controlled the
region (Sudan) in the 19th century. (Britain also established colonial
rule over America before we achieved independence…HINT – The 4th of July!!)

• In 1924, the British divided the region into two territories: the
Arabic-speaking Muslim north, and the mostly English-speaking
Christian and Animist south.

• What problems could you predict might arise from this division?
The northern region is
home to mainly Arab-
speaking Muslims. But
in the southern region,
there is no dominate
culture. The Dinka and
Nuer are the largest of
nearly 200 ethnic
groups.
Compare and Contrast – What
similarities and differences do you
note?
Northern Arab Soldiers Southern Sudan Soldiers
Play Experts in Uganda call for end to South Sudan
refugee crisis to connect the current refugee crisis to the
refugee crisis we are reading about in ALWTW.
 What connection can you make between the news report and ALWTW
 How many refugees have arrived in Uganda?
 What challenges do large numbers of refugees bring to a country? Think
about the camps that were described in ALWTW.
 Who does Uganda want to help?

 (Published on Sep 22, 2016 - International relations experts in

Uganda have called for concrete steps to end the South Sudan
refugee crisis that has driven the people out of their homeland. The
call comes as the number of South Sudan refugees hits the 1,000,000
mark, raising concerns over an imminent struggle for available
resources.)

THE DINKA AND
THE NUER
THE NUER
The Nuer nation of cattle herders
live in the south of Sudan.

The Nuer receive facial markings

as part of their initiation into
adulthood. The most common
initiation pattern among males
consists of six parallel lines, which
are cut across the forehead, often
with a dip in the lines above the
nose.
Crying during initiation is
considered shameful.
Nuer boy just after initiation
THE DINKA
The Dinka nation of cattle
herders live in the south of
Sudan.

Dinka can be recognized by

initiation tribal marks of several
(often three) parallel lines or V-
shaped marks are made as
small cuts onto the boy's
forehead. By becoming a
warrior he protects village from
predators and enemies.
Crying during initiation is
considered shameful.
Women also have marks.
• In the 1940s, Great Britain merged the two areas together
to be one nation with a northern government and Arabic
as the official language.

• Southern Sudanese are mainly Christian and Animist,

they don’t speak Arabic (they speak tribal languages)
and so they were shut out of the new government.

• Does this seem fair? Why/Why not?

 The South felt
discriminated against
because the
government
was based in the
Northern city
of Khartoum.
Khartoum
• In 1956, Sudan gained its independence from Great
Britain, but there was still a lot of tension between
the north and south.

• South Sudanese were not happy with northern

rule.
 Sudan’s flag
raised at its
independence
ceremony in
1956.
• The first of Sudan’s two civil wars broke out in
1955 and lasted until 1972.

• Tribes/Farmers were fighting over land,

southerners felt that northerners got better land
and jobs

• The two sides finally settled on a peace agreement

that lasted for 10 years.
• 1979 Chevron Oil discovers and sets up oil
production in the south.

• Tribes/Farmers in the south felt that northerners

got more benefits from the oil money.

• Southern rebels eventually attack the pipelines and

shut down oil production
• Fighting began again when the northern
government established Islamic law throughout the
country.

• Southerners were angered at attempts to impose

Islamic law on the whole country.
• How would you feel if the government changed the law to and
made you adopt another language and religion?
OIL = $$$$
THE SOUTH HAD THE OIL
BUT NEEDED TO PUMP THE
OIL NORTH THROUGH
PIPELINES SO THAT IT
COULD BE SENT TO THE
RED SEA AND EXPORTED
ON OIL TANKERS.

THE FIGHTING SHUT DOWN

OIL PRODUCTION FROM
1984 TO 1999
THIS IS WHAT A CIVIL WAR SOUNDS
LIKE: https://youtu.be/__zjzWr0U6s
• Civil war had been going on between the North
and South for most of Sudan’s history.

• Dictator Omar al-Bashir seized power in 1989 and

continued to impose radical Islamic law.
Omar Bashir is the President of
(North) Sudan.

He is the only sitting

head of state wanted
for genocide, war
crimes, and crimes
against humanity for his
crimes in Darfur.
 20+ years of
fighting have led
to the
displacement of
over 4 million
people and the
deaths of 1.5
million.
• Secession means to BREAK AWAY and become INDEPENDENT (This is
what the southern states attempted to do during the US CIVIL WAR.

• In 2005, the northern and southern parts of Sudan signed a peace accord.

• This allowed the South to rule itself for six years and then vote in a
referendum for independence.

• A Referendum is a direct vote by the people. Ex. Britain recently voted in a

referendum to separate from the European Union.

• In January 2011, nearly 99% of South Sudanese voters called for independence.
 South Sudan
became an
independent
country on July
9, 2011.
Salva Kiir Mayardit, the first
President of South Sudan.

He is from the Dinka Tribe

(His trademark hat was a gift

from former US President
George W. Bush.)
• Unfortunately, there are still problems between the
two countries.

• Sudan and South Sudan are tied economically by

oil.
• Most of the oil reserves are in South Sudan, but
the factories, pipelines, shipping ports, etc., are
in (North)Sudan.
 The region exports billions of
dollars of oil per year.
Southern states produce more
than 80% of it, but receive only
50% of the profits, causing
tensions between the two
countries.
• Both countries continue to disagree on how to
divide oil wealth and settling border disputes.

• Negotiating a deal is critical to both countries’

peace in the future.
Riek Machar is the first Vice-
President of South Sudan.

He is from the Nuer Tribe

He was dismissed from his

job after President Salva Kiir
Mayardit accused him of trying
to overthrow the government.
This is called a COUP
(pronounced COO)

THIS SPARKED ANOTHER

CIVIL WAR
• In December 2013, a political power struggle broke out between
President Kiir and his ex-deputy Riek Machar.

• This has caused a civil war between the major ethnic groups
within the country.

• Up to 10,000 people are estimated to have been killed.

• More than 800,000 people have been displaced inside South

Sudan and more than 250,000 people have fled to neighboring
countries as a result of the conflict.
Displaced people in 2016
who have fled the recent
fighting in South Sudan.
WHAT IS THE CURRENT SITUATION?

 FOLLOW THE LINK BELOW TO LEARN THE CURRENT STATUS OF THE

SOUTH SUDANESE GOVERNMENT.

 http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-36796193
POLITICAL CATOON ANALYSIS
What does this image tell you about the
cartoonists view of the future? Use details
from cartoon to support your thinking
 A Long Walk to Water
focuses on 2nd Civil War and a
group of kids called the Lost
Boys.

The Lost Boys of Sudan is the

name given to the groups of
over 20,000 boys of the Nuer
and Dinka ethnic groups who
were displaced and/or
orphaned during the
Second Sudanese Civil War
(1983–2005); about 2.5 million
were killed and millions were
displaced.