Professional Documents
Culture Documents
AUDITING
Week 2
Presentors:
Claudine Gregorio
Reign Raguindin
TOPIC OUTLINE
The External Audit
The Audit Committee
Internal Audit
The Link to Risk Management and Internal Control
Reporting on Internal Controls
EXTERNAL AUDITOR & INTERNAL
AUDITOR
Seeks to test Seeks to advice
the underlying management on
transactions whether its
that form the major operations
basis of the have sound
financial system risk
statement. management
and internal
controls.
BACKGROUNDS
External auditors are generally members of CCAB
They are appointed annually at the annual general
meeting by their client, shareholders.
Their remuneration is fixed at the general meeting.
They have the right to attend general meetings to
discuss any auditrelated matters.
They have the right to access to all books, information
and explanations pertaining to the FS.
In a limited company they can be removed by ordinary
resolution with special notice.
They cannot be officers, corporations or partners or
employees of officers.
BACKGROUNDS
In the event or their resignation they have to
provide a statement of circumstances to the new
incoming auditor that will document any specific
problems with the audit cover.
Where there is a problem with the accounts the
auditor will fashion a suitable report to reflect
the nature of the problem.
THE MAIN SIMILARITIES
Both the external and internal auditor carry out
testing and this may involve examining and analysing
any transactions.
Both the internal auditor and external auditor will be
worried if procedures were very poor and/or there was
a basic ignorance of the adhering to them.
Both tend to deeply involved in information system(IS)
since this is a major element of managerial control as
well as being fundamental to the financial reporting
process.
Both are based in professional discipline and operate to
professional standard.
The Main Similarities
Both seek active cooperation between the two
functions.
Both are intimately tied up with the
organization’s systems of internal control.
Both are concerned with the occurrence and
effect of errors and misstatement that effect the
final accounts.
Both produce formal audit reports on their
activities.
1. Internal auditor is appointed by 1. External auditor is appointed by
the management of the company. the shareholders of the company.
2. Legally internal audit is not 2. External audit id compulsory by
compulsory law.
3. Internal audit work is a 3. External audit is done annually at
continuous throughout the year. the end of the fiscal year.
4. Internal audit is employee of the 4. External auditor is a independent
company. person.
5. Internal audit has to submit any 5. External auditor submits report to
report to the shareholders. the shareholders.
6. Internal auditor checks all the 6. external auditor may apply test
transaction check.
7. Internal auditor gives suggestions 7. External auditor has no need to
to management for the betterment give suggestions unless he is asked.
of the business. 8. External auditor has to report
8. Internal auditor primary duty is to about financial accounts whether
find fraud and errors. these are true or false.
THE AUDITING PRACTICES
BOARD(APB)
The IA work should be properly recorded.
The IA work should be properly controlled.
IA should be adequately independent.
The Scope of the IA work should be sufficiently
wide.
IA should have sufficient resources.
IA should be competent
IA should carry out its work with due
professional care.
TECHNIQUES
1. A common audit methodology
2. Joint training programmes
3. Joint planning of audit work
4. Direct assistance with each other’s projects
5. Exchanging reports
Coexistence
Coordination
Integration
Partnering
THE EXTERNAL AUDIT APPROACH
Accountability
Integrity
Objectivity and independence
Competence
Rigour
Judgement
Clear communication
Association
Proving value
THE AUDIT COMMISSION
The audit commission is the other
big independent government
external auditor and covers local
authorities and NHS bodies, in
contrast to central government
organizations.
CORPORATE REPORTING
The WorldCom, Enron
Control Environment – is the recognition of the
need for risk awareness and the ownership of risk
management by executives at all levels.
Risk identification and review – annual review
of risks by the Board.
STATEMENT OF CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
Scope of responsibility – the SCGA reports on the current
standard of corporate governance, including internal control,
within transport for London.
TFL – is responsible for ensuring that its business is conducted
in accordance with the Law and proper standards, and that
public money is safeguard and properly accounted for, and used
the three E’s.
Purposes
1. To achieve policies, aims and objectives.
Corporate Governance in TFL – is the system used to
direct, manage and monitor an organization and enable it to
relate to its external environment.
T
H
E
B
O
A
R
D
THE BOARD
Board Members’ Remuneration
HSA follows the Government’s Directorship and
Consultancy Appointments Council (DCAC) guidelines in
determining the remuneration of the Board Members.
Notice and Declaration of Directorships and
Interest in Shares and Debentures
Board Members are required to declare their
directorships in various organisations and their interests
in shares and debentures in various corporations.
ACCOUNTABILITY AND AUDIT
a. The Audit Committee – assists the Board to review
and asses the adequacy of internal accounting
controls and financial reporting controls.
b. The Staff Establishment Committee – assists the
Board in reviewing the adequacy of manpower
numbers and budgets to meet operational needs and
major Human Resource Policies regarding
compensation.
c. The Finance Committee – ensuring that financial
resources are managed and utilized prudently and in
the most effective and efficient manner, contributing
towards to organization overall mission.
d. Communication with Stakeholder
the professional groups conduct regular consultations
with the industry and their clients.
e. Code of Business Conduct
the Board, officers and employees are required to
observe and maintain high standards of integrity, and
are in compliance with the law and government
regulations and organization policies.
is a standing committee of the main board and tends
to consist of a minimum of three NEDs.
1. CEO
2. External Audit
3. CFO
4. CAE
THE ROLE OF AUDIT
COMMITTEE
Audit committee will be established by the main
board to perform those duties that the board
decides should be properly allocated to this
specialist forum.
THE ROLE OF THE AUDIT COMMITTEE
Audit Committee and Auditors – Main Principle
The board should establish formal and transparent
arrangements for considering how they should apply the
financial reporting and internal control principles and
for maintaining an appropriate relationship with the
company’s auditors.
CODE PROVISIONS
At least 3 audit committee
to monitor the integrity of the financial statements of
the company.
to review the company’s internal financial controls
to monitor and review the effectiveness of the
company’s internal audit function
to make recommendations to the board
to review and monitor the external auditor’s
independence and objectivity and the effectiveness of
the audit process
CODE PROVISION
to develop and implement policy
The audit committee should review arrangements by
which staff of the company
The audit committee should monitor and review the
effectiveness of the internal audit activities
The audit committee should have primary
responsibility for making a recommendation on the
appointment, reappointment and removal of the
external auditors
The annual report should explain to shareholders
THE ROLE OF THE AUDIT COMMITTEE MAY
THEREFORE INCORPORATE SOME OF THE FOLLOWING
COMPONENTS IN ITS TERMS OF REFERENCE:
1. The external audit process
2. The final accounts
3. System of Internal control
4. Internal Audit
5. Risk Management
6. Compliance and propriety
7. Financial Management
8. Special Investigation
THE AUDIT COMMITTEE
CONSTITUTION
1. Principal role
2. Membership
3. Competence
4. Meeting
5. Reporting lines
6. Authorities
7. Development
PUBLIC SECTOR (GOVERNMENT) AUDIT
COMMITTEES
The public sector is designed around democratic
elections where the public, after each term, may
vote out a government if they fail to perform.
Meanwhile, there are normally layer upon layer
of accountability mechanisms imposed on public
bodies like trusts, committees, inspectors,
regulators, financial regulations, auditors,
public enquiries, ombudsman and so on.
IIA STANDARD 2110
‘The internal audit activity must assess and make
appropriate recommendations for improving the
governance process in its accomplishment of the
following objectives:
promoting appropriate ethics and values within the
organization;
ensuring effective organizational performance
management and accountability;
communicating risk and control information to
appropriate areas of the organization; and
coordinating the activities of and communicating
information among the board, external and internal
auditors, and management’
BASLE COMMITTEE ON BANKING
SUPERVISION
The specialist code applicable to the
international banking sector contains
many important provisions that
contribute to the internal auditing
provisions for good corporate governance.
*TURNBULL ON INTERNAL AUDIT
THE LINK TO RISK MANAGEMENT AND
INTERNAL CONTROL
Corporate Governance Code
Internal
control Corporate Structures
framework
Disclosure Arrangements
Risk Internal
management controls
Corporate
Strategies
and Review
REPORTING ON
INTERNAL
CONTROLS
KEY ELEMENTS
the preparation of the three year strategic plan
regional and departmental plan
performance indicators which measure financial
and other targets
established financial policies
decision making procedures
comprehensive budgeting system
actual results compared to approved budgets