Introduction to Computer

Vision.
Syllabus:
• Course goals:
▫ Cover basic topics of computer vision, and introduce some
fundamental approaches for computer vision research.

 Basics of an Image
 Imaging Geometry
 Camera Modeling and Calibration
 Filtering and Enhancing Images
 Region Segmentation
 Color and Texture
 Line and Curve Detection
References:
1) Digital Image Processing
By R.C. Gonzalez and R.E.Woods 2016, Pearson Edition

2) Digital Image Processing

By: Gonzalez, Woods, and Eddins, Prentice Hall, 2014
http://www.imageprocessingplace.com/

3) Fundamentals of Computer Vision

By: Dr. Mubarak Shah http://www.cs.ucf.edu/~vision/

4) Computer Vision: a Modern Approach Forsyth,

By: D. A & Ponce, J.Prentice Hall.

5) Computer Vision” By: Adrian Low

Vision:
 Vision is the process of discovering,
what is present in the world
and
where it is.

perception is the process of acquiring, interpreting, selecting, and

organizing sensory information.
Visual System:

• The visual system allows us to assimilate information from the

environment.

• The act of seeing starts when the lens of the EYE focus an image of the
outside world onto a light-sensitive membrane in the back of the eye, called
the Retina.

• The retina is actually part of the brain that is isolated to serve as a

transducer for the conversion of patterns of light into neuronal signals.
Visual System:
• The lens of the Eye focuses light on the photo receptive cells of the retina,
which detect the photons of light and respond by producing neural
Impulses.

• These signals are processed in a hierarchical fashion by different parts of

the brain, such as the lateral geniculate nucleus, and the primary and
secondary visual cortex of the brain.
Visual System:
Color Vision:
• Color vision is the capacity of an organism or machine to distinguish
objects based on the wavelengths (or frequencies) of the light they reflect
or emit.

• The nervous system derives color by comparing the responses to light

from the several types of cone photoreceptors in the eye.

• For humans, the visible spectrum ranges approximately from 380 to 750
nm.
Color Vision:
• A 'red' apple does not emit red light. Rather, it simply absorbs all the
frequencies of visible light shining on it except for a group of frequencies
that is perceived as red, which are reflected.

• An apple is perceived to be red, only, because the human Eye can

distinguish between different wavelengths.

• Three things are needed to see color

▫ a light source,
▫ a detector (e.g. the Eye)
▫ a sample to view.
Computer Vision:

• Computer vision is the science and technology of machines that see.

• Computer Vision is the study of analysis of pictures and videos in order

to achieve results similar to those as by human.
Computer Vision:
• Sub-domains of computer vision include:

▫ Image Acquisition

▫ Image restoration

▫ Object recognition

▫ Scene reconstruction.

▫ Event detection and tracking.

▫ Motion and 3-Dimmensional aspects.

Computer Vision:
• Since perception can be seen as the extraction of information from sensory
signals,

• computer vision can be seen as the scientific investigation of artificial

systems for perception from images or multi-dimensional data

• Computer vision can also be described as a complement of Biological

Vision, as computer vision, studies and describes artificial vision system
that are implemented in software and/or hardware.
Related Disciplines:

• Image processing

• Computer graphics

• Pattern recognition

• Artificial intelligence

• Applied mathematics

• Learning
Related Disciplines:
 Related Fields of an Image:
Input Image Output Image
Image Processing

Image Description Image

Computer Graphics

Image Description Statistics

Pattern Recognition

Image Action
Computer Vision
Steps involved:
1) Image acquisition:
• A digital image is produced by one or several image sensors.

• These sensors may include:

• Light-sensitive cameras
• Range sensors
• Tomography devices
• Radar and ultra-sonic cameras, etc.

• Depending on the type of sensor, the resulting image data is an

ordinary 2D image, a 3D volume, or an image sequence.
• The pixel values typically correspond to light intensity in one or
several spectral bands
Steps involved:
Steps involved:
2)Pre-processing:
• Before a computer vision method can be applied to image data in
order to extract some specific piece of information.
• It is usually necessary to process the data in order to assure that it
satisfies certain assumptions implied by the method.
Examples may include:
 Re-sampling in order to assure that the image coordinate system is
correct.
 Noise reduction in order to assure that sensor noise does not introduce
false information.
 Contrast enhancement to assure that relevant information can be
detected.
Steps involved:
3) Feature extraction:

• Image features at various levels of complexity are extracted from the

image data.

• Typical examples of such features are

• Lines, edges and ridges.
• Localized interest points such as corners, blobs or points.
• More complex features may be related to texture, shape or
motion.
Steps involved:
4) Detection/Segmentation:

At some point in the processing a decision is made about which

image points or regions of the image are relevant for further
processing. Examples are

• Selection of a specific set of interest points

• Segmentation of one or multiple image regions which contain a

specific object of interest.
Intersection Between Vision and Graphics:
Applications Areas of Computer Vision:

• Law enforcement.

• Nuclear medicine and Defense.

• Automatic character recognition.

• Industrial applications (machine vision).

• Satellite imagery for weather prediction .

• Solving problems with machine perception .

• Enhance the contrast or code the intensity levels into

color for easier interpretation.

• Interpretation of X-rays and other Images used in

industry, medicine and biological sciences