Professional Documents
Culture Documents
hoc Networks
5-1
Reading
Chapter 7 – Ad Hoc & Sensor Networking,
Cordeiro & Agrawal, 2007
One of the suggested text for the course
5-2
Outline
Overview of TCP
The problems of TCP over MANETs
Overview of best transport protocols
In depth
Specific problems of TCP over MANETs
Details of major TCP variants
Discussion - other efforts
Conclusion
5-3
TCP in Wired Network and
MANET
Data stream in Wired Network
ACKs stream
ACKs stream
5-4
Introduction
Network Architecture at a
Crossroads
Wireline-centric network design is “obsolete”
New network environments have emerged
Ad hoc, sensors, consumer-owned, delay-tolerant
New networking technologies have emerged
UWB, cooperative approaches, MIMO, directed antennas
The R&D community recognizes the need for
change
5-5
Introduction
Revisiting the Current Transport
Architecture
The vision:
Wireless as an integral part of the network
Multiple wireless hops: not just the last mile
(Cellular)
Pockets of wireless ad hoc connectivity
5-6
Problem Statement
Why does TCP perform poorly in MANETs?
Developed for Wireline networks
Assumes all losses congestion related
5-7
Our Goal
Identify the problems of TCP in MANETs.
Evaluate various major TCP variants.
12 TCP variants, 7 improvement techniques
Observations:
Most TCP variants are NOT sufficient.
A new transport layer protocol may be/is
needed.
5-8
TCP Basics
Byte Stream Delivery
5-9
Reliable TCP Guarantees
A number of mechanisms help provide the guarantees:
Retransmissions:
• For lost and damaged data
• Due to lack of positive acknowledgements
• Timeout period calls for a retransmission
of packets in flight 30
28
2
rt
rt
sta
sta
1 threshold
less efficient) 8
w
Slo
Slo
6
Overview of congestion control mechanisms4
2
Slow-start phase: cwnd start from 1 0
and increase exponentially 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
Time
22 n
tio e
3
e s c 4
20 ng an
Co oid Fast retransmit/
18 av
fast recovery
16 n
threshold s tio e
e c
14 o ng dan
C oi
12 av
rt
rt
10
sta
sta
1 threshold
8
w
w
Slo
Slo
6
4
2
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
Time
Slow-start Congestion
avoidance
5-12
Congestion Control
Slow Start (SS): A mechanism to control the transmission rate)
When TCP connection starts (Initial Value): CWND =1,
congestion window increases by one segment for each
acknowledgement returned
5-13
Overview
5-14
Overview
5-15
Why Does TCP Fail in MANETs?
Specific problems are identified:
1. TCP misinterprets route failures as congestion
2. TCP misinterprets wireless errors as congestion
3. Intra-flow and inter-flow contention reduce
throughput and fairness
4. Delay spike causes TCP to invoke unnecessary
retransmissions
RTO too small unnecessary retransmissions.
5. Inefficiency due to the loss of retransmitted packet
When retransmitted packet is lost timer expires
performance drops
5-16
Specific problems of TCP over MANETs
TCP in MANET
TCP misinterprets route failures as congestion
Effects: Reduce sending rate
Buffered packets (Data and ACKs) at intermediate
nodes are dropped.
Sender encounters timeout.
• Under prolonged disconnection, a series of timeouts may be
encountered.
5-17
Specific problems of TCP over MANETs
TCP in MANET
TCP misinterprets wireless errors as
congestion
Effects: Incorrect execution of congestion control
Performance drops.
Wireless channel is error-prone compared to wireline
• Fading, interference, noise
5-18
Specific problems of TCP over MANETs
TCP in MANET
Intra-flow and inter-flow contention
Effects: Increased delay, unpredictability, and unfairness.
Inter-flow contention: contention of nearby flows.
Intra-flow contention: between packets of the same flow (e.g.
forward data and reverse ACKs).
Wireline: only packet on same link “compete”
Wireless: all close by devices compete for the channel
ACKs stream
5-19
Drawback of TCP Exponential Back Off
5-20
Impact of Partition on Throughput
A X Y
S P Z
B C
D
Link Failure
Data transfer continues
in spite of failure
5-21
Effects of Partitions on TCP
5-22
Reestablishing Path
5
2
8
1 7
3
9
6
4
5-23
Long Term Partition
5-24
Long Term Network Partition
5-25
TCP Throughput
Larger the number of nodes a TCP connection needs to span, lower is
the end-to-end throughput, as there will be more medium contention
taking place in several regions of the network
5-27
Impact of Lower Layers on TCP -MAC
Consider a linear topology in which each node can only communicate with its
adjacent neighbors
In addition, consider that in Figures (a) and (b) there exist a single TCP
connection running between nodes 1 and 5
5-28
Capture Conditions
5-30
DSR
DSR protocol operates on an on-demand basis in
which a node wishing to find a new route broadcasts
a RREQ packet
5-32
Route Asymmetry
Route asymmetry implies having different paths in
both directions
5-33
Overview of Results
The best TCP variants:
TCP-Westwood and TCP-Jersey seem the best.
Both protocols estimate bandwidth more accurately.
TCP mechanisms:
Feedback from intermediate nodes leads to big gains.
The best non-TCP approaches:
Ad-hoc Transport Protocol (ATP) seems to address most issues
• Non-window based: estimates achievable rate periodically
Split-TCP: promising new way of looking at transport layer
• Dynamically buffer packets mid-path
Key: Separation of congestion control from reliability.
5-34
TORA
TORA has been designed to be highly dynamic by
establishing routes quickly and concentrating control
messages within a small set of nodes close to the place
where the topological change has occurred
5-35