comes from the Greek word “GEOGRAPHIA”,which

means “earth description”.

Traditionally it is defined as science that broadly
deals with the structures and processes of the
Earths physical and human environments and the
interaction between the two,particularly in their
spatial context.
Geographic Techniques
• Remote Sensing
• Quantitative Methods
• Cartography
• GPS (Global Positioning systems)
• GIS ( Geographic Information Systems)
Human Geography

•Historical
•Political
•Economic
•Behavioral
•Population
Physical Geography

•Geomorphology
•Climate Change
•Biogeography
•Soils
In todays world geography no longer just mean only the description of
the earth but also this involves explaining the processes operating below
on and above the earths Surface and the ways in which these process
have created the landscapes around us and continue to change.

• Geography is often called inter disciplinary because it draws

on knowledge from other scientific:
Biology,Sociology,Meteorology,Anthropology,Psychology and
other.
• Geography may be studied by way of several interrelated
approaches ,systematically Regionally,descriptive,and
analytically.
Branches of Geography
Modern geography has been devided conventionally into two main
traditions:systematic and regional geography.

1. Systematic geography:It concerned with the formulation of general

laws and principles and is divided into two branches: Physical
geography and Human geography.
2. Regional Geography:It is concerned with the combination of
physical and human-made features that characterizes different
region of the earth's surface and that distinguish one from another.
• Physical geography: This branches of systematic
geography is concerned with the physical environment,
physical geography,encompasses a number of subjects
areas with close links to other environmental discipline,
notably geomorphology, climatology, biogeography,
pedology and etc.

• Human Geography: It is a branch of geography that focuses on

the study of patterns and processes that shape human
interaction with the environment,with particular reference to
the causes and consequences of the spatial distribution of
human activity on the earth's surface.
1.Economic/developmental Geography:

• It is the social sciences that deals with the production ,distribution,and

consumption of goods and services and with the theory and
management of economies or economic systems.

2.Cultural Geography
• It is the study of geographical aspects of human culture.
3.Environmental Geography
• It describe the spatial aspects of interactions between humans and the
natural world.

4.Feminist Geography
• It emphasizes the oppression of women and the gender inequality
between men and women,especially as expressed in gender space.

5.Historical Geography
• It is the study of human,physical fictional,theoritical and “real”
geographies of the past.
6.Language Geography
• It studies the geographic distibution of language or its constituent
elements.
Principal fields:
• “geography of language”-deals with the distribution through history
and space of languages.
• “linguistic geography”-deals with regional linguistic variations within
languages.

7.Religion geography
• It is the study of the distribution religion.
8.Marketing geography
• It is the study of where to put stores and retail chains to maximizes
exposure to the target audience.

9.Political geography
• The geography of the states,federations, and sub state units.

10.Population geography
• The study of the ways in which spatial variations in the
distribution,composition,migration,and growth of populations are
related to the nature of places.