ABAP Training

Simple ABAP/4 for trouble shooting
May 25th, 2004

Objectives:
•Understand and get an idea on what ABAP/4

programming does, and what is the component in
ABAP workbench
•Get to know common statement, understand the

ABAP program logic roughly.
•Able to do the basic investigation when facing the

problem.
Content
•Introduction R/3 Basis system overview

•ABAP/4 overview
Component, Program, ABAP dictionary, Function Module ,
Message/Transaction code, etc.
•Common Statement / Command

- Main event in ABAP program
- General ABAP command
•Transportation for ABAP objects

•Type of problem and how to investigate
Program bug, ABAP runtime error, Update terminate, Unexpected
error message.
Introduction R/3 Basis system overview
R/3 user R/3 user R/3 user
Presentation component
ABAP R/3 Basis R/3 R/3

Workbench Application 1 ... Application N
system
Kernel & Basis services
Database Management System
Database
Content

•ABAP/4 overview


error message.
ABAP/4 overview
Topics:
•Often used transactions

•What is ABAP/4 program?
•ABAP dictionary
•Function Module
•Message
•Transaction code
•Authorization in ABAP object
Often used transactions
• SE80 - Repository Browser: Used to display and edit hierarchical lists of

development objects.
• SE11 - Dictionary : Used to define and save data definitions You can also store
documentation, help information, data relationships, and other information. You also
use the Dictionary to generate database objects like tables and indexes.
The Dictionary is a central storage area for system-wide data definitions. Because
definitions are stored centrally, they are available for use anywhere in any program
throughout the system
• SE38 - ABAP editor : Create/edit/Display program code

• SE37 - Function Builder : define and store function modules, use the library to
write new modules and look up information on existing modules
Often used transactions (con’t)
• SE51 - Screen Painter : Used to design the screens in an application's

graphical user interface.
• SE41 - Menu Painter : Used to design the menus that appear in your
interface
• SE16 - Data browser : Display data in Transparent table or Database view

• SM30 - Table maintenance : Maintain data
ABAP/4 overview
Topics:
•ABAP dictionary
•Function Module
•Message
•Transaction code
What is ABAP/4 program?
ABAP/4 : Advance Business Application Programming
Type of ABAP/4 program
1 Executable program(Report/Interface)
Can be started with transaction code/directly/background
(via SE38 or SA38 - For example: RMCB0100 )
I INCLUDE program
Can not run on its own, has been included in other program
M Module pool
Processing step of screens, can be executed via transaction code or
Menu function (For example: SAPMV45A - Sale order processing)
F Function group
Contain function modules (SE37)
S Subroutine pool
Externally-called subroutines
ABAP/4 overview
Topics:
•ABAP dictionary
•Function Module
•Message
•Transaction code
ABAP Dictionary
SE11 - Data dictionary
View
Table Structure
Data element
ABAP Dictionary
Domain F4 Lock object
Search help
ABAP/4 overview
Topics:
•ABAP dictionary
•Function Module
•Message
•Transaction code
Function module
Function Module
- ABAP/4 program: Include program
- Special external subroutines (include) stored in a central library
- Different from normal ABAP routine is the clearly defined interface
for passing data to and from the function module. The calling program
and the called function module have separate work areas
- Located in Function group (main program start with SAPLxxxx)
- Can be tested separately in SE37
- Statement in ABAP to call function module are:
- CALL FUNCTION ‘xxxxx’
ABAP/4 overview
Topics:
•ABAP dictionary
•Function Module
•Message
•Transaction code
Message
There are several different types of message:

W - Warning (Correction possible)
E - Error (Correction required)
S - Success (message on next screen)
I - Information (press Enter to continue)
A - Abend (Transaction terminated)
X - Exit (Terminated with short dump)
Note : Transaction code for message maintenance is SE91,

Table store the message text is T100, language dependent.
ABAP key word - MESSAGE
ABAP/4 overview
Topics:
•ABAP dictionary
•Function Module
•Message
•Transaction code
Transaction code
Transaction code is:

Sequence of alphanumeric characters forming a code for
business task.
Transaction type:
Dialog transaction - Flow by sequence of screens (for example FB03)
Report transaction - Start program with type 1 (for example MCBA)
Variant transaction - (client specific) start another transaction with variant
(for example UPAR)
Area menu - Menu which contain the group of frequently-used transactions

(for example S001)
Parameter transaction - pre-assign values in the initial screen and

suppress the screen when transaction is executed (for example OB22)
Note : All transactions are stored in table TSTC, Maintain via SE93
ABAP/4 overview
Topics:
•ABAP dictionary
•Function Module
•Message
•Transaction code
Authorization in ABAP object
• Program authorization
• Transaction code
• Table maintenance/Data browser
Program authorization group
Authorization group is field of the authorization objects

S_DEVELOP (program development and program execution) and
S_PROGRAM (program maintenance).
This field contains the name of a program group that allows users
to
 execute programs
 schedule jobs for background processing
 maintain programs
 maintain variants
When creating a program, you can specify an authorization group
as one of the program attributes. This allows you to group together
programs for the purposes of authorization checking.
Transaction authorization group
Authorization object in transaction code will be checked whenever

the transaction is started. The following object will be checked
S_TCODE(Authorization check for transaction start )
The authorization checks defined by the developer with transaction
SE93 (transaction maintenance) or in the ABAP/4 source code
continue to be performed.
Field to be checked is TCD: Transaction code
Table maintenance/Data browser
Authorizations for displaying or maintaining tables. The object only

controls access using the standard table maintenance tool (SM31),
enhanced table maintenance (SM30) or the Data Browser (SE16),
including access in Customizing.
Object S_TABU_DIS -Table Maintenance (via standard tools such
as SM31) will be checked for the following fields:
Authorization group for DD objects: Authorization for tables by

authorization class according to table TDDAT. (Using SM31 to
display the authorization group table)
Activity: Allowed operations.
Possible values are:
- 02: Create, change or delete (Maintain) table entries
- 03: Display table entries only
Content

•ABAP/4 overview


error message.
Common Statement / Command
Topics:
•Event in ABAP/4 program

- Dialog module
- Executable program (Selection screen,
lists)
•ABAP statement and Keyword

Event in ABAP/4 program
Event in Dialog Module
PBO Module.
Module xxxx
Module yyyy
PAI Module
100 Module aaaa
PBO
Module Module.
bbbb
Transaction code Module xxxx
Module yyyy
has been 200 PAI Module
requested from ModulePBO
aaaaModule.
Module Module
bbbb xxxx
R/3 user Module yyyy
300 PAI Module
Module aaaa
Module bbbb
Dialog screen chain Module pool
PBO = Process Before Output

PAI = Process After Input
Question??
Common Statement / Command
Topics:
•Event in ABAP/4 program

- Dialog module
- Executable program (Selection screen,
lists)
•ABAP statement and Keyword

ABAP statement and Keyword
Statement
The ABAP programming language consists of the following
element types: STATEMENT, KEYWORD, COMMENT.
An ABAP program consists of individual ABAP statements.
Each statement begins with a keyword and ends with a
period. There might be comment in the same line as a
statement
For example:
PROGRAM ZTEST.
WRITE ‘Hello world’.
In this case program ZTEST will generate the list consist of

line ‘Hello world’.
ABAP statement and Keyword(con’t)
Keywords
Declarative keywords : define data types or declare the data objects
Modularization keywords : define processing blocks in an ABAP program

• Event keyword :The respective processing blocks are processed as
soon as a particular event occurs
• Define keyword: define processing blocks that are processed as

soon as they are called by an explicit statement in an ABAP program or in a
screen flow logic
Control keywords: control the flow of an ABAP program according to certain

conditions
Calling keywords: call processing blocks (defined by modularization

keywords) in the same or other ABAP programs or branch completely to other
ABAP programs
Expression and Operation keywords: Process the data

Declarative keywords
TYPES create user-defined elementary data types and structured data types
Example TYPES: surname(20) TYPE C.
DATA define local/global variable for structure/internal table/memory block
address OCCURS 0
Example DATA: BEGIN OF address,
address_number(10) TYPE C,
street(30), Internal
structure
table
country LIKE T001-LAND1,
END OF address.
TABLES create a data object called a table work area refer to ABAP
dictionary(tables, structure,view)
Example TABLES: KNA1, KNB1.
CONSTANTS declare it as a fixed value variable

Example CONSTANTS: name(10) VALUE ‘Exxon Mobil’
Modularization keywords
Event define keywords
INITIALIZATION Before selection screen is displayed
AT SELECTION-SCREEN After input selection screen + selection screen is active
START-OF-SELECTION After process selection screen
GET <table> when logical DB offer a line of database table
END-OF-SELECTION After all selection has been done
TOP-OF-PAGE Process when new page is started
END-OF-PAGE Process when page is ended
AT LINE-SELECTION When user select line in the list
AT USER-COMMAND When user press function key/enter command in
command field
Modularization keywords (con’t)

Process define key word for statement block
FORM...ENDFORM Define subroutine
FUNCTION...ENDFUNCTION
Define Function module
MODULE...ENDMODULE
After process selection screen
Built in function
Arithmetic & string function
ABS Amount (absolute value) x von x

SIGN Sign of x;
SIGN( x ) = 1 if x>0
SIGN( x ) = 0 if x=0
SIGN( x ) = -1 if x<0
CEIL Smallest integer value that is not less than x

FLOOR Largest integer value that is not greater than x
TRUNC Interger part of x
FRAC Decimal part of x
STRLEN String length
1. SELECT statements
2. SAP tables vs. Internal Tables
3. LOOP-ENDLOOP
4. WRITE statements
5. Comment in ABAP
6. Expressions and Operations in ABAP
7. Subroutines: FORMS, FUNCTION MODULE
SELECT statement
• to read table entries (records) from a table (database)

• the return code is stored in system field SY-SUBRC
- 0: if one or more table entries were retrieved
- 4: if no table entries were retrieved (table is
empty/ no data match the criteria)
SELECT statement
 For selecting 1 or more records from a table:
SELECT * FROM <dbtab>
Additions
. . . WHERE <condition>
. . . ORDER BY PRIMARY KEY
. . . ORDER BY <f1> <f2> . . . <fn>

SELECT statement
 For selecting individual columns from a table:
SELECT <f1> . . . <fn> INTO (<h1> . . . <hn>)

FROM <dbtab> . . .
 For selecting a single record from a table:
SELECT SINGLE * FROM <dtab>

WHERE <condition>. ( full key )
SELECT statement
 For excluding duplicates:
SELECT DISTINCT <f1> <f2> . . . <fn>

INTO (<g1> <g2> . . . <gn>)
FROM <dbtab> . . .
 Aggregate expressions:
SELECT AVG( <f1> ) FROM <dbtab> . . .

COUNT( DISTINCT <f1> )
COUNT( * ) INTO (<g1> . . . <gn>)
MAX( <f1> )
MIN( <f1> )
SUM( <f1>
SAP Table
• Two dimensional matrix describing

relationship in database system
• Components:
• Table fields
• Foreign keys
• Technical Settings
• Indexes
Internal Table
• One way to process large quantities of data in ABAP
• Internal table is a dynamic sequential dataset in which
all records have the same structure and a key
• The data is taken from a fixed structure, stored line by
line in the memory
Internal Table Declaration <No header line>
TYPES:
BEGIN OF T_T001K,
BWKEY LIKE T001K-BWKEY,
BUKRS LIKE T001K-BUKRS,
END OF T_T001K.
DATA:
IT_T001K TYPE T_T001K OCCURS 0.
Internal Table Declaration <With header line>

DATA:
BEGIN OF IT_T001K OCCURS 0,
BWKEY LIKE T001K-BWKEY,
BUKRS LIKE T001K-BUKRS,
END OF IT_T001K.
• WITH HEADER LINE

SAP --> Internal table

Allows us to get contents of table and put it into internal
table
SELECT <field1> <field2>.. <fieldn>

FROM <table>
INTO TABLE <internal table>
WHERE <condition>
LOOP Command
• To perform looping operation in the flow logic
• Four kinds of loops in ABAP:
• Unconditional loops using the DO statement
• Conditional loops using the WHILE statement
• Loops through internal tables and extract datasets
using the LOOP statement
• Loops through datasets from database tables using
SELECT statement
DO Command
DO <n> TIMES.
statements
ENDDO.
SY-INDEX Loop index

WHILE Command
WHILE <logical expression>.

statements
ENDWHILE.
SY-INDEX Loop index
WHILE COUNTER > 0.

.
.
.
SUBTRACT 1 FROM COUNTER.
ENDWHILE.
LOOP Command Example
LOOP AT IT_T001K.
WRITE: / IT_T001K-BWKEY.
ENDLOOP.
WRITE Command
The basic ABAP statement for displaying data on the
screen
WRITE <f> <AT position(length)>

<option>
<AS CHECKBOX>
<AS SYMBOL>
<AS ICON>
<AS LINE>
WRITE Command
• <OPTION> behind the WRITE statement is for formatting options
• E.g. : ..NO-ZERO, NO-SIGN, No GROUPING, DD/MM/YY,
• LEFT-JUSTIFIED, CENTERED, RIGHT-JUSTIFIED
• The most commonly used options:
• CURRENCY w
to treat the content of field <f> as a currency amount with w as a
currency key
• DECIMALS d
to determine number of decimals to be displayed
• UNIT u
to format the value according to the unit specified in the field u.
The content of field <f> is treated as a quantity.
WRITE Command Example
WRITE: / ‘Write’.
WRITE: it_bseg-dmbtr CURRENCY it_bkpf-hwaer.
WRITE: text-t01 LEFT-JUSTIFIED.
Comment
• Written between statements of the ABAP program to

explain its purpose to a reader / for internal
documentation
• Helps to understand and change the program
• Flagged by special character:
• Asterisk (*) entire line to be a comment
• Double quotation mark (“) part of a line to be a
comment
• Ignored by the system
Comment example
* Write Sales Order number to the screen

Write: ‘Sales Order : ‘,
20 it_vbak-vbeln. “Sales Order Number
Expression & Operation
• Relational Operator
• String Comparison
• Logical Expression
• If/Case/Check Statement
• Exit/Continue Statement
Display Meaning
Relational Operator
EQ = Equal to
NE <> >< Not equal to
GT > Greater than
GE >= => Greater than or equal to
LT < Smaller than
LE <= =< Smaller than or equal to
DATA: START TYPE D,
SUM1 TYPE F, BETWEEN f1 and f2 Interval
SUM2 TYPE P.
. IS INITIAL Initial value
.
.
IF START IS INITIAL ... .
IF SUM1 GT SUM2 ... .
IF SUM1 BETWEEN 0 AND 100

... .
String Comparison
<f1> CO <f2> contains only: f1 contains only characters from f2

ACCOUNT CO '0123456789'
<f1> CA <f2> contains any: f1 contains at least one character

from f2
<f1> CS <f2> contains string: f1 contains the string f2

'ABCDE' CS 'DE'
<f1> CP <f2> contains pattern: f1 corresponds to the model f2

Model:
* any string
+ any character
# escape symbol
'ABXDE' CP '*B+D*'
Logical Expression
1. AND COUNTER GE 0
2. OR
3. NOT COUNTER GT 0 AND
FLAG IS INITIAL
( FLAG1 NE SPACE OR FLAG2

NE SPACE ) AND COUNTER
BETWEEN 0 AND 100
COUNTER EQ 0 AND NOT

( FLAG1 EQ SPACE AND FLAG2
EQ SPACE )
IF <logical expression>.
IF Statement statements
ENDIF.
statements
ELSE.
statements
ENDIF.
statements
ELSEIF <logical expression>.

statements
ELSEIF <logical expression>.
statements
ELSE.
statements
ENDIF.
CASE statement
CASE <field>.
• Execute different
WHEN <value1>.
statement blocks
depending on the contents statements
of particular data fields WHEN <value2>.

• WHEN OTHERS: statements
• contents of <field> WHEN <value3>.

does not equal to any
statements
of the <value?>
contents WHEN OTHERS.
statements
ENDCASE.
CHECK <logical expression>.

CHECK statement
1 CHECK within a loop structure.
WHILE COUNTER GT 0.
• Within Loop:
statements
to terminate loop
CHECK FLAG NE SPACE.
pass conditionally
statements
ENDWHILE.
2 CHECK outside loop structures.

statements
CHECK <condition>.
statements
• Terminate loop EXIT.

entirely without 1 EXIT within a loop structure.
any condition
• Terminate a DO ...
statements
subroutine
IF COUNTER GE 100.
without any
EXIT.
condition ENDIF.
statements
ENDDO.
2 EXIT outside loop structure.
statements
IF ... .
EXIT.
ENDIF.
statements
CONTINUE.
DO 100 TIMES.
• Terminate loop statements
pass IF SY-INDEX GE 10
immediately AND SY-INDEX LE 20.
without any CONTINUE.
condition
ENDIF.
statements
ENDDO.
PROGRAM RSDEMO01. • Avoid redundancy

Call calculate_tax • Modularization:
.. • easy to read
.
Subroutine • easy to call
Calculate_tax
PROGRAM RSDEMO02. PROGRAM RSDEMO04.

..
. Subroutine SUB1
Call calculate_tax
.. Subroutine
.
Calculate_tax
PROGRAM RSDEMO03. ABAP/4 function library

..
.
Call calculate_tax Function module
Calculate_tax
Function module
• Define
FORM <name> [<parameters>].
<statement block>
ENDFORM.
• Calling internally
PERFORM <name> [<parameters>].
• Calling external subroutine
PERFORM <name>(program name) <parameters>
[IF FOUND]
form f_check_file_exists using filename.

.............
endform.
Parameters:
p_path like rlgrap-filename.
..............................
perform f_check_file_exists using p_path.
Content

•ABAP/4 overview


error message.
Transportation of ABAP objects
Type of ABAP object

In Workbench organizer, there are several ABAP objects which are transportable
Object In Transport request contain the following key
PgmID: Program Id in request and task, normally there are 2 types for ABAP objects
R3TR - name for R/3 Repository objects and Customizing objects
LIMU - enables transport of R/3 Repository object components
Obj: Object type (for example, DOMA, DTEL, FORM, PROG..)
Object name:
Name of the each object
Funct.: Function D,K,M
ObjStatus: LOCKED,ERR_IMP,OK_IMP and OK_GEN
Transportation of ABAP objects (con’t)
Version management
serves different purposes and user groups:
- The developer can keep track of his or her work ("What have I changed?")
- The developer can restore a previous version by reactivating it.
- The system administrator can monitor work ("Which objects were changed and
how were they changed in a specific time interval?")
- It provides the basis for the auditor, who requires a complete history of
changes.
- It enables customers to adjust data with the help of the system after upgrading
to a new Release.
ABAP object Version compare
ABAP program
Transaction code SE38, Under menu Utilities-->Version management
Function module
Data Dictionary
Object Browser
Transaction code SE80, Go to specific object and under menu utilities,
Version management
Workbench Organization
Transaction code SE09, under menu Environment
ABAP object Version compare

From Version management, you can
1. Display the object in other version
2. Compare the object in 2 versions
3. Retrieve the content of older version
4. Remote compare with another system
5. Display Transport Request
Content

•ABAP/4 overview


error message.
Type of problem & How to investigate
Type of problems
ABAP Runtime Error

Cause: Program error, system exception, database process error, etc.
Using transaction code ST22 to analyze error.
Unexpected message
Update Terminate
Cause: Update module can not be completed
Program bug
Cause: Written code is not correct
ABAP Runtime error - Analysis
Error ID
Date and time
Double click to
display detail
Unexpected message
How to deal with unexpected message?

1. Go to Message long text if available.
2. Read through the section in the message help text, process where
appropriate.
Message help text component
• Diagnosis
• System response
• Procedure
3. Find the message location, the logic that drive the message
appearance.
• Debugging
• Use “Where used list” function to find out the code where
message is located (Not applicable for dynamic call)
Unexpected message (con’t)
How to debug and locate the message in the program?

1. Debugging
Set Debugger ON
In Debugging screen, Set dynamic breakpoint on command “Message”
Select debugging -> Continue (F8)
When program reach MESSAGE command, cursor will be stopped
Check the above logic before get into the current command, see the
related data/value from debugging screen.
2. Using “Where used list” Function in message workbench SE91/SE80

When message is displayed, Double click on the status bar(if the
message appear only in status bar , not popup) OR press F1 for popup
message.
Go to transaction code SE91/SE80 to find the location of the message
call.
Update terminate
Update terminate: Message/SAP internal mail will be sent to the

transaction owner, either Error message Or ABAP runtime error (short
dump) might be created.
Analyzing the error

Go to transaction code SM13 to analyze the update error.
(Or Select Tools --> Administration --> Monitoring --> Update)
Go to detail in update modules, You will get the following information:

Where the error occurred: Program name, function module, line
number and error text. (go to ABAP short dump Or Editor to locate the
position)
Why the error occurred:
Program bug
Analyzing the error

1. Find out what went wrong.
2. Locate the position in the ABAP program
How to find the right place?

1. Debugging
2. Use Call Hierarchy (SE48)
3. Use find function in ABAP editor
Simple Debugging
How to:
• Switch on the debugger.
• Set and delete static and dynamic breakpoints.
• Set Watch points.
• Stop a program at specific key words or events or when a fields
contents change.
• Continue processing after an interrupt.
• Display field contents during runtime.
• Display the contents of an internal table.
• Change field contents for testing purposes.
• Change the contents of an internal table.
• Display and use the debugger’s six different views.
Simple Debugging
Start debugging:
/h
Start the debugger in Normal mode. Press enter to start.
/hs
Start the Debugger in System mode, for example, in order to debug
the system program (program with type S)
Appropriate menu options under system -> Utilities -> Debug ABAP
Break-points Command.
SE38 Start of programs in the debugging of transaction code SE38
SM50/SM51 via debugging menu
SE80 - Object browser
Simple Debugging
Set and delete static and dynamic breakpoints

Static break-point
Command BREAK-POINT. Or BREAK <User name>
Dynamic break-point
In ABAP Editor SE38 --> Utilities --> Breakpoints --> Display/Set
In Debugging mode
Place the cursor on the statement
Choosing break-point -> Set/Delete
At ABAP command
At Event/Subroutine
At Function module
System exception
Simple Debugging
Stepping Display mode

Single step (F5) Field : Display content of fields up to 8 fields
Execute (F6) Table: Display content of internal table
Return (F7) Watchpoints: Manage watchpoint during debug mode
Continue (F8) Calls : Display Call stack up to current statement (in
sequence)
Overview: structure of program, display event, sub
routine, module and current statement
Simple Debugging
Caution when debugging in Production system
Since only a restricted number of dialog work processes can be

switched to debugging mode, you should leave the debugger as soon as
possible when you have finished working with it. Otherwise, the work
process is not released for other users
Question ??

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Simple ABAP/4 for trouble shooting

May 25th, 2004

•Understand and get an idea on what ABAP/4

•Get to know common statement, understand the

•Able to do the basic investigation when facing the

•Introduction R/3 Basis system overview

•Common Statement / Command

•Transportation for ABAP objects

ABAP R/3 Basis R/3 R/3

Kernel & Basis services

Database Management System

•Introduction R/3 Basis system overview

•Common Statement / Command

•Transportation for ABAP objects

•Often used transactions

• SE80 - Repository Browser: Used to display and edit hierarchical lists of

• SE38 - ABAP editor : Create/edit/Display program code

• SE51 - Screen Painter : Used to design the screens in an application's

• SE16 - Data browser : Display data in Transparent table or Database view

ABAP/4 : Advance Business Application Programming

Type of ABAP/4 program

Domain F4 Lock object

There are several different types of message:

Note : Transaction code for message maintenance is SE91,

Transaction code is:

Area menu - Menu which contain the group of frequently-used transactions

Parameter transaction - pre-assign values in the initial screen and

Authorization group is field of the authorization objects

Authorization object in transaction code will be checked whenever

Authorizations for displaying or maintaining tables. The object only

Authorization group for DD objects: Authorization for tables by

•Introduction R/3 Basis system overview

•Common Statement / Command

•Transportation for ABAP objects

•Event in ABAP/4 program

•ABAP statement and Keyword

Event in Dialog Module

Dialog screen chain Module pool

PBO = Process Before Output

•Event in ABAP/4 program

•ABAP statement and Keyword

In this case program ZTEST will generate the list consist of

Modularization keywords : define processing blocks in an ABAP program

• Define keyword: define processing blocks that are processed as

Control keywords: control the flow of an ABAP program according to certain

Calling keywords: call processing blocks (defined by modularization

Expression and Operation keywords: Process the data

CONSTANTS declare it as a fixed value variable

Modularization keywords (con’t)

ABS Amount (absolute value) x von x

CEIL Smallest integer value that is not less than x

• to read table entries (records) from a table (database)

SELECT * FROM <dbtab>

. . . ORDER BY PRIMARY KEY

. . . ORDER BY <f1> <f2> . . . <fn>

 For selecting individual columns from a table:

SELECT <f1> . . . <fn> INTO (<h1> . . . <hn>)

 For selecting a single record from a table:

SELECT SINGLE * FROM <dtab>

SELECT DISTINCT <f1> <f2> . . . <fn>

SELECT AVG( <f1> ) FROM <dbtab> . . .

• Two dimensional matrix describing

Internal Table Declaration <No header line>