7 - Analyze - Hypothesis Testing Non Normal Data - P1

Analyze Phase
Hypothesis Testing Non Normal Data

Part 1
Hypothesis Testing Non Normal Data Part 1
Welcome to Analyze
“X” Sifting
Inferential Statistics
Intro to Hypothesis Testing
Hypothesis Testing ND P1
Hypothesis Testing ND P2
Equal Variance Tests
Hypothesis Testing NND P1
Tests for Medians
Hypothesis Testing NND P2
Wrap Up & Action Items
LSS Green Belt v11.1 MT - Analyze Phase 2 © Open Source Six Sigma, LLC
Non-Normal Hypothesis Tests
At this point we have covered the tests for determining significance for
Normal Data. We will continue to follow the roadmap to complete the
test for Non-normal Data with Continuous Data.
Later in the module we will use another roadmap designed for

Discrete Data.
– Recall Discrete Data does not follow a Normal Distribution but
because it is not Continuous Data there are a separate set of
tests to properly analyze the data.
We can test for anything!!
Non-Normality
Why do we care if a data set is Normally Distributed?

– When it is necessary to make inferences about the true nature of
the population based on random samples drawn from the
population.
– When the two indices of interest (X-Bar and s) depend on the
data being Normally Distributed.
– For problem solving purposes because we do not want to make a
bad decision – having Normal Data is so critical with EVERY
statistical test the first thing we do is check for Normality.
Recall the four primary causes for Non-normal Data:

– Skewness: Natural and Artificial Limits
– Mixed Distributions: Multiple Modes
– Kurtosis
– Granularity
We will focus on Skewness for the remaining tests for Continuous Data.
Hypothesis Testing Roadmap
Non Normal
Test of Equal Variance Median Test
Mann-Whitney Several Median Tests
Test of Equal Variance
Levene’s Test of Equal Variance is used to compare the

estimated population Standard Deviations from two or
more samples with Non-normal Distributions.
– Ho: σ1 = σ2 = σ3 …
– Ha: At least one is different.
Follow the Roadmap…
Open the MINITABTM worksheet “EXH_AOV.MTW”
P-value < 0.05 (0.00)

Assume data is not
Normally Distributed.
Probability Plot of Rot 2

Normal
99.9
Mean 1.023
StDev 1.407
99 N 100
AD 7.448
95 P-Value <0.005
90
80
Stat > Basic Statistics > Normality test… 70
Percent
60
50
40
30
20
10
5
0.1
-5.0 -2.5 0.0 2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0
Rot 2
Test of Equal Variance Non-Normal Distribution
Stat>ANOVA>Test for Equal Variance Use Levene’s Statistics for Non-

Normal Data
P-value > 0.05 (0.860) Assume
variance is equal.
Ho: σ1 = σ2 = σ3 …
Ha: At least one is different.
Test for Equal Variances for Rot 2

F-Test
Test Statistic 1.75
1 P-Value 0.053
Factors2 Lev ene's Test
Test Statistic 0.03
P-Value 0.860
2
1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2

95% Bonferroni Confidence Intervals for StDevs
1
Factors2
0 2 4 6 8 10
Rot 2
Making Conclusions
When testing 2 samples with Normal Distribution use F-test:

– To determine whether two Normal Distributions have Equal
Variance.
When testing >2 samples with Normal Distribution use Bartlett’s test:
– To determine whether multiple Normal Distributions have
Equal Variance.
When testing two or more samples with Non-normal Distributions use

Levene’s Test:
– To determine whether two or more distributions have Equal
Variance.
Our focus for this module is working with Non-normal Distributions.
Exercise
Exercise objective: To practice solving problem

presented using the appropriate Hypothesis Test.
A credit card company wants to understand the need for

customer service personnel. The company thinks there is
variability impacting the efficiency of its customer service staff.
The credit card company has two types of cards. The company
wants to see if there is more variability in one type of customer
card than another. The Black Belt was selected and told to give
with 95% confidence the answer of similar variability between
the two card types.
1. Analyze the problem using the Hypothesis Testing roadmap.

2. Use the columns named CallsperWk1 and CallsperWk2 in
Minitab worksheet “Hypoteststud.mwt”.
3. Having a confidence level of 95% is there a difference in
variance?
Test for Equal Variance Example: Solution
First test to see if the Data is Normal or Non-Normal.
Since there are two

variables we need to
perform a Normality Test
on CallsperWk1 and
CallsperWk2.
First select the variable

‘CallsperWk1’ and
Press “OK”.
Follow the same steps for

CallsperWk2.
For the Data to be

Normal the P-value
must be greater
than 0.05
Since we know the variables

are Non-Normal Data continue
to follow the Roadmap.
The next step is to test

Calls/Week for Equal Variance.
Before performing a Levene’s

Test we have to stack the
columns for CallsperWk1 and
CallsperWk2 because currently
the data is in separate columns.
Stat>ANOVA>Test for Equal Variances

After stacking the Calls/Week
columns the next step in the
Roadmap is performing a
Levene’s Test.
Nonparametric Tests
A non-parametric test makes no assumptions about Normality.

For a skewed distribution:
– The appropriate statistic to describe the central tendency is the
Median rather than the Mean.
– If just one distribution is not Normal a non-parametric should be
used.
Non-parametric Hypothesis Testing works the same way as parametric
testing. Evaluate the P-value in the same manner.
δ
~ ~ ~
Target X X1 X2
Mean and Median
This Graphical Summary provides the confidence interval for the Median.
With Normal Data notice the With skewed data the Mean is
symmetrical shape of the influenced by the Outliers.
distribution and how the Mean and Notice the Median is still
the Median are centered. centered.
A nderson-Darling N ormality Test A nderson-Darling N ormality Test
A -S quared 0.30 A -S quared 3.72

P -V alue 0.574 P -V alue < 0.005
M ean 350.51 M ean 4.8454

S tDev 5.01 S tDev 3.1865
V ariance 25.12 V ariance 10.1536
S kew ness -0.079532 S kew ness 1.11209
Kurtosis -0.635029 Kurtosis 1.26752
N 75 N 200
M inimum 339.09 M inimum 0.1454

1st Q uartile 347.48 1st Q uartile 2.4862
M edian 350.48 M edian 4.1533
3rd Q uartile 353.99 3rd Q uartile 6.5424
M aximum 359.53 M aximum 16.4629
340 344 348 352 356 360 0 3 6 9 12 15 95% C onfidence Interv al for M ean
95% C onfidence Interv al for M ean
349.35 351.66 4.4011 5.2898
95% C onfidence Interv al for M edian 95% C onfidence Interv al for M edian
349.30 351.85 3.6296 4.7174
95% C onfidence Interv al for S tDev 95% C onfidence Interv al for S tDev
4.32 5.97 2.9018 3.5336
95% Confidence Intervals 95% Confidence Intervals
Mean Mean
Median Median
349.0 349.5 350.0 350.5 351.0 351.5 352.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5
MINITABTM’s Nonparametrics
1-Sample Sign: performs a one-sample sign test of the Median and calculates
the corresponding point estimate and confidence interval. Use this test as
an alternative to one-sample Z and one-sample t-tests.
1-Sample Wilcoxon: performs a one-sample Wilcoxon signed rank test of the
Median and calculates the corresponding point estimate and confidence
interval (more discriminating or efficient than the sign test). Use this test as
a nonparametric alternative to one-sample Z and one-sample t-tests.
Mann-Whitney: performs a Hypothesis Test of the equality of two population
Medians and calculates the corresponding point estimate and confidence
interval. Use this test as a nonparametric alternative to the two-sample t-
test.
Kruskal-Wallis: performs a Hypothesis Test of the equality of population
Medians for a one-way design. This test is more powerful than Mood’s
Median (the confidence interval is narrower, on average) for analyzing data
from many populations, but is less robust to outliers. Use this test as an
alternative to the one-way ANOVA.
Mood’s Median Test: performs a Hypothesis Test of the equality of population
Medians in a one-way design. Test is similar to the Kruskal-Wallis Test.
Also referred to as the Median test or sign scores test. Use as an alternative
to the one-way ANOVA.
1-Sample Sign Test
This test is used to compare the Median of one distribution to a

target value.
– Must have at least one column of numeric data. If there is more
than one column of data MINITABTM performs a one-sample
Wilcoxon test separately for each column.
The hypotheses:
– H0: M = Mtarget
– Ha: M ≠ Mtarget
Interpretation of the resulting P-value is the same.
Note: For the purpose of calculating sample size for a non-

parametric (Median) test use:
n t test
n non-parametric 
0.864
1-Sample Example
1. Practical Problem:
Our facility requires a cycle time from an improved process of 63 minutes. This
process supports the customer service division and has become a bottleneck to
completion of order processing. To alleviate the bottleneck the improved process
must perform at least at the expected 63 minutes.
2. Statistical Problem:
Ho: M = 63
Ha: M ≠ 63
3. 1-Sample Sign or 1-Sample Wilcoxon
Open the MINITABTM worksheet: DISTRIB1.MTW

Stat>Non parametric> 1 sample sign …
Or
Stat> Non parametric> 1 sample Wilcoxon
4. Sample Size:
This data set has 500 samples (well in excess of necessary sample size).
1-Sample Example
Stat>Non parametric> 1 Sample Sign …
For a two tailed test choose

the “not equal” for the
alternative hypothesis.
=
Sign Test for Median: Pos Skew
Sign Test of Median = 63.00 versus = 63.00
N Below Equal Above P Median
Pos Skew 500 37 0 463 0.0000 65.70
1-Sample Example
Stat>Non parametric> 1 Sample Wilcoxon …
Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test: Pos Skew

Test of Median = 63.00 versus Median not = 63.00
N for Wilcoxon Estimated

N Test Statistic P Median
Pos Skew 500 500 124015.0 0.000 67.83
1-Sample Example
For a confidence interval

enter desired level
Stat>Non parametric> 1 Sample Sign …
Sign confidence interval for Median

Confidence
Achieved Interval
Since the target of 63 N Median Confidence Lower Upper Position
is not within the Pos Skew 500 65.70 0.9455 65.30 66.50 229
confidence interval 0.9500 65.26 66.50 NLI
reject the null 0.9558 65.20 66.51 228
hypothesis.
1-Sample Example
Since the target of 63 is not

within the confidence interval
reject the null hypothesis.
Wilcoxon Signed Rank CI: Pos Skew

Confidence
Estimated Achieved Interval
N Median Confidence Lower Upper
Pos Skew 500 67.83 95.0 67.01 68.70
1 Sample Example: Solution
Exercise objective: To practice solving a problem

A mining company is falling behind profit targets. The mine

manager wants to determine if his mine is achieving the
target production of 2.1 tons/day with some limited data to
analyze. The mine manager asks the Black Belt to
determine if the mine is achieving 2.1 tons/day and the
Black Belt says she will answer with 95% confidence.
1. Analyze the problem using the Hypothesis Testing

roadmap.
2. Use the column Tons hauled within the Minitab worksheet
“Hypoteststud.mtw.
3. Does the Median equal the target value?
According to the hypothesis the Mine Manager feels he is achieving his target of
2.1 tons/day.
H0: M = 2.1 tons/day Ha: M ≠ 2.1 tons/day
Since we are using one sample we have a choice of choosing either a 1 Sample-Sign or 1
Sample Wilcoxon. For this example we will use a 1 Sample-Sign.
Sign Test for Median: Tons hauled

Sign Test of Median = 2.100 versus = 2.100
N Below Equal Above P Median
Tons hauled 17 14 0 3 0.0127 1.800
The results show a P-value of 0.0127 and a Median of 1.800.
The Black Belt in this case does not agree; based on this data
the Mine Manager is not achieving his target of 2.1 tons/day.
We disagree!
Mann-Whitney Example
The Mann-Whitney test is used to test if the Medians for 2 samples

are different.
1. Determine if different machines have different Median cycle

times.
2. Ho: M1 = M2
Ha: M1 ≠ M2
3. Perform the Mann-Whitney test. Use the data provided in the

MINITABTM worksheet: “Nonparametric.mtw”
3. There are 200 data points for each machine well over the
minimum number of samples necessary.
First run a Normality Test…of course!
Probability Plot of Mach A

Normal
99.9
Mean 15.24
StDev 5.379
99 N 200
AD 1.550
95 P-Value <0.005
90
80
70
Probability Plot of Mach B
Percent
60 Normal
50
40 99.9
30 Mean 16.73
20 StDev 5.284
99 N 200
10
AD 0.630
5 95 P-Value 0.099
90
1
80
70
Percent
0.1 60
0 10 20 50
30 40
40
Mach A 30
20
10
5
0.1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Mach B
Now you will actually run the Mann-Whitney test and based on the
results end up determining that Medians of the machines are different.
Stat>Nonparametric>Mann-Whitney…
If the samples are the same

zero would be included within
the confidence interval.
Mann-Whitney Test and CI: Mach A, Mach B

N Median
Mach A 200 14.841
Mach B 200 16.346
Point estimate for ETA1-ETA2 is -1.604
95.0 Percent CI for ETA1-ETA2 is (-2.635,-0.594)
W = 36509.0
Test of ETA1 = ETA2 vs ETA1 not = ETA2 is
significant at 0.0019
Exercise
Exercise objective: To practice solving problem presented

using the appropriate Hypothesis Test.
A credit card company now understands there is no variability

difference in customer calls/week for the two different credit card
types. This means no difference in strategy of deploying the
workforces. However the credit card company wants to see if there is
a difference in call volume between the two different card types. The
company expects no difference since the total sales of the two credit
card types are similar. The Black Belt was told to evaluate with 95%
confidence if the averages were the same. The Black Belt reminded
the credit card company the calls/day were not Normal distributions
so he would have to compare using Medians since Medians are used
to describe the central tendency of Non-normal Populations.

2. Use the columns named CallsperWk1 and CallsperWk2 in MINITABTM
worksheet “Hypoteststud.mtw”
3. Is there a difference in call volume between the 2 different card
types?
Mann-Whitney Example: Solution
Since we know the data for CallperWk1 and CallperWk 2 are Non-normal we can proceed to
performing a Mann-Whitney Test.
Stat>Nonparametrics>Mann-Whitney
Mann-Whitney Test and CI: CallsperWk1, CallsperWk2

N Median
CallsperWk1 22 739.0
95.0 Percent CI for ETA1-ETA2 is (-91.9,43.0)
W = 36509.0
Test of ETA1 = ETA2 vs ETA1 not = ETA2 is significant at 0.4580
Mann-Whitney Example: Solution
As you can see there is no significant difference in the Median

between CallsperWk1 and CallsperWk2.
Therefore, there is no significant difference in call volume between

the two different card types.
Mann-Whitney Test and CI: CallsperWk1, CallsperWk2

N Median
95.0 Percent CI for ETA1-ETA2 is (-91.9,43.0)
W = 36509.0
Test of ETA1 = ETA2 vs ETA1 not = ETA2 is significant at 0.4580
Mood’s Median Test
1. An aluminum company wanted to compare the operation of its three

facilities worldwide. They want to see if there is a difference in the
recoveries among the three locations. A Black Belt was asked to help
management evaluate the recoveries at the locations with 95% confidence.
2. Ho: M1 = M2 = M3
Ha: at least one is different
3. Use the Mood’s Median test.
4. Based on the smallest sample of 13 the test will be able to detect a
difference close to 1.5.
5. Statistical Conclusions: Use the data in the columns named “Recovery” and
“Location” in the MinitabTM worksheet “Hypoteststud.mtw” for analysis.
= = ?
Follow the Roadmap…Normality
Stat>Basic Statistics>Graphical Summary…
Summary for Recovery

Location = Savannah
A nderson-Darling N ormality Test
A -S quared 0.81
P -V alue 0.032
M ean 87.660
S tDev 7.944
V ariance 63.113
S kew ness -0.15286
Kurtosis -1.11764
N 25
M inimum 75.300
1st Q uartile 79.000
M edian 87.500
78 84 90 96 3rd Q uartile 96.550
M aximum 99.200
84.381 90.939
95% C onfidence Interv al for M edian
86.179 90.080
9 5 % C onfidence Inter vals 95% C onfidence Interv al for S tDev
Mean 6.203 11.052
Median
84.0 85.5 87.0 88.5 90.0 91.5
Follow the Roadmap…Normality

Location = Bangor
A nderson-Darling N ormality Test
A -S quared 0.72
P -V alue 0.045
M ean 93.042
S tDev 5.918
V ariance 35.017
S kew ness -1.81758
Kurtosis 4.66838
N 13
M inimum 76.630
78 84 90 96
M edian
3rd Q uartile
94.800
97.350
M aximum 99.700 Location = Ankhar
95% C onfidence Interv al for M ean A nderson-Darling N ormality Test
89.466 96.617 A -S quared 0.86
95% C onfidence Interv al for M edian P -V alue 0.022
90.637 97.036 M ean 88.302
9 5 % C onfidence Inter vals 95% C onfidence Interv al for S tDev S tDev 6.929
4.243 9.768 V ariance 48.008
Mean
S kew ness -0.105610
Median
Kurtosis 0.182123
N 20
90 92 94 96 98
M inimum 73.500
M edian 88.425
78 84 90 96 3rd Q uartile 89.700
M aximum 99.450
85.059 91.545
95% C onfidence Interv al for M edian
86.735 89.299
9 5 % C onfidence Inter vals 95% C onfidence Interv al for S tDev
Mean 5.269 10.120
Median
85 86 87 88 89 90 91
Follow the Roadmap…Equal Variance
Test for Equal Variances for Recovery
Bartlett's Test
Test Statistic 1.33
Ankhar P-Value 0.514
Lev ene's Test
Test Statistic 1.02
P-Value 0.367
Location
Bangor
Savannah
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Mood’s Median Test
Stat>NonParametrics > Moods Median [Session Output}…
Mood Median Test: Recovery versus Location
Mood median test for Recovery

Chi-Square = 12.11 DF = 2 P = 0.002
Individual 95.0% CIs

Location N<= N> Median Q3-Q1 ---+---------+---------+---------+---
Ankhar 13 7 88.4 4.5 (-----*--)
Bangor 1 12 94.8 6.8 (-------------*------)
Savannah 15 10 87.5 17.6 (----*-------)
---+---------+---------+---------+---
87.0 90.0 93.0 96.0
Overall Median = 88.9
We observe the confidence intervals for the Medians of the three

populations. Note there is no overlap of the 95% confidence
levels for Bangor—so we visually know the P-value is below 0.05.
Statistical Conclusion: Since the P-value of the Mood’s Median

test is less than 0.05 we reject the null hypothesis.
Practical Conclusion: Bangor has the highest recovery of all three
facilities.
Kruskal-Wallis Test
Using the same data set analyze using the Kruskal-Wallis test.
Kruskal-Wallis Test: Recovery versus

Location
Kruskal-Wallis Test on Recovery
Location N Median Ave Rank Z

Ankhar 20 88.43 27.3 -0.73
Bangor 13 94.80 40.2 2.60
Savannah 25 87.50 25.7 -1.49
Overall 58 29.5
H = 6.86 DF = 2 P = 0.032
H = 6.87 DF = 2 P = 0.032 (adjusted for ties)
This output is the “least friendly” to interpret. Look for the

P-value which tells us we reject the null hypothesis. We
have the same conclusion as with the Mood’s Median test.
Exercise
Exercise objective: To practice solving problem presented

using the appropriate Hypothesis Test.
A company making cell phones is interested in evaluating the

defect rate of 3 months from one of its facilities. A customer felt
the defect rate was surprising lately but did not know for sure. A
Black Belt was selected to investigate the first three months of
this year. She is to report back to senior management with 95%
confidence about any shift(s) in defect rates.
1. Use the columns named ppm defective1, ppm defective2 and

ppm defective3 in MINITABTM worksheet “Hypoteststud.mtw”
1. Are the defect rates equal for three months?
Cell Phone Defect Rate Example: Solution
Let’s follow the

Roadmap to see if the
data is Normal.
Instead of performing
a Normality Test we
can find the P-value
using the Graphical
Summary in
MINITABTM.
Stat>Basic Statistics>Graphical Summary
Before we can perform a Mood’s

Median Test we must first stack the
columns ppm defective1, ppm
defective2 and ppm defective3.
Stat>Nonparametric>Mood’s Median Test
After stacking the

columns we can perform
a Mood’s Median Test.
Unequal Variance
Where do you go in the roadmap if the variance is not equal?

– Unequal variances are usually the result of differences in
the shape of the distribution.
• Extreme tails
• Outliers
• Multiple modes
These conditions should be explored through data

demographics.
For Skewed Distributions with comparable Medians it is unusual

for the variances to be different without some assignable cause
impacting the process.
Example
First open MinitabTM worksheet “Var_Comp.mtw”. Then check for Normality

using “Stat > Basic Statistics > Normality”….
Model A and Model B are similar in nature (not exact) but are
manufactured in the same plant.
Probability Plot of Model A Probability Plot of Model B

Normal Normal
99 99
Mean 10.28 Mean 2.826
StDev 0.7028 StDev 3.088
95 N 10 95 N 10
AD 0.227 AD 0.753
90 90
P-Value 0.747 P-Value 0.033
80 80
70 70
Percent
Percent
60 60
50 50
40 40
30 30
20 20
10 10
5 5
1 1
8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0 10.5 11.0 11.5 12.0 -5.0 -2.5 0.0 2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0
Model A Model B
Model A is Normal, Model B is Non-normal.
Example
Now let’s check for Equal Variances using Levene’s Test but remember
first you will need to stack the data so you can run this test…
Test for Equal Variances for Data

F-Test
Test Statistic 0.05
Model A P-Value 0.000
Lev ene's Test
idvar
Test Statistic 4.47
P-Value 0.049
Model B
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Model A
idvar
Model B
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Data
The P-value is just under the limit of .05. Whenever the result is borderline,
as in this case, use your process knowledge to make a judgment.
Example
Let’s look at data demographics for clues.

Summary for Model A Summary for Model B
A nderson-Darling N ormality Test A nderson-Darling N ormality Test
A -S quared 0.23 A -S quared 0.75
P -V alue 0.747 P -V alue 0.033
M ean 10.279 M ean 2.8260

S tDev 0.703 S tDev 3.0882
V ariance 0.494 V ariance 9.5370
S kew ness 0.330968 S kew ness 1.29887
Kurtosis -0.614597 Kurtosis 0.92377
N 10 N 10
M inimum 9.213 M inimum 0.2253

1st Q uartile 9.779 1st Q uartile 0.3488
M edian 10.111 M edian 1.7773
3rd Q uartile 10.816 3rd Q uartile 5.5508
9.0 9.5 10.0 10.5 11.0 11.5 0 2 4 6 8 10 M aximum 9.4440
M aximum 11.496
95% C onfidence Interv al for M ean 95% C onfidence Interv al for M ean
9.776 10.782 0.6169 5.0352
95% C onfidence Interv al for M edian 95% C onfidence Interv al for M edian
9.767 10.848 0.3465 5.5873
95% C onfidence Interv al for S tDev 95% C onfidence Interv al for S tDev
9 5 % C onfidence Inter vals 9 5 % C onfidence Inter vals
0.483 1.283 2.1242 5.6379
Mean Mean
Median Median
9.8 10.0 10.2 10.4 10.6 10.8 11.0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Dotplot of Model A, Model B
Model A
Model B
-0.0 1.6 3.2 4.8 6.4 8.0 9.6 11.2
Data
Graph> Dotplot> Multiple Y’s, Simple
Black Belt Aptitude Exercise
Exercise objective: To practice solving problem

• A recent deployment at a client raised the question of which

educational background is best suited to be a successful
Black Belt candidate.
• In order to answer the question the MBB instructor randomly
sampled the results of a Six Sigma pretest taken by now
certified Black Belts at other businesses.
• Undergraduate backgrounds in Science, Liberal Arts,
Business and Engineering were sampled.
• Management wants to know so they can screen prospective
candidates for educational background.

2. What educational background is best suited for a potential
Black Belt?
3. Use the data within MinitabTM worksheet “BBaptitude.mtw”
Black Belt Aptitude Exercise: Solution
First follow the Roadmap to check the data for Normality.

Stat > Basic Statistics > Normality Test…
Black Belt Aptitude Exercise: Solution
Next we are going to check for variance.

(Remember, stack the data first!)
Stat>ANOVA>Test for Equal Variance
Summary
At this point you should be able to:

• Conduct Hypothesis Testing for Equal Vvariance
• Conduct Hypothesis Testing for Medians
• Analyze and interpret the results
A Simple, Fresh, Clean Approach to Lean Six Sigma
Project Tracking and Program Management.
Signup for a free trial now at…

www.SixGrid.com
LSS Green Belt v11.1 MT - Analyze Phase © Open Source Six Sigma, LLC

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Analyze Phase

Hypothesis Testing Non Normal Data

Intro to Hypothesis Testing

Wrap Up & Action Items

Later in the module we will use another roadmap designed for

We can test for anything!!

Why do we care if a data set is Normally Distributed?

Recall the four primary causes for Non-normal Data:

Test of Equal Variance Median Test

Mann-Whitney Several Median Tests

Levene’s Test of Equal Variance is used to compare the

Open the MINITABTM worksheet “EXH_AOV.MTW”

P-value < 0.05 (0.00)

Probability Plot of Rot 2

Stat>ANOVA>Test for Equal Variance Use Levene’s Statistics for Non-

Test for Equal Variances for Rot 2

1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2

When testing 2 samples with Normal Distribution use F-test:

When testing two or more samples with Non-normal Distributions use

Our focus for this module is working with Non-normal Distributions.

Exercise objective: To practice solving problem

A credit card company wants to understand the need for

1. Analyze the problem using the Hypothesis Testing roadmap.

First test to see if the Data is Normal or Non-Normal.

Since there are two

First select the variable

Follow the same steps for

For the Data to be

Since we know the variables

The next step is to test

Before performing a Levene’s

Stat>ANOVA>Test for Equal Variances

A non-parametric test makes no assumptions about Normality.

A nderson-Darling N ormality Test A nderson-Darling N ormality Test

A -S quared 0.30 A -S quared 3.72

M ean 350.51 M ean 4.8454

M inimum 339.09 M inimum 0.1454

This test is used to compare the Median of one distribution to a

Note: For the purpose of calculating sample size for a non-

3. 1-Sample Sign or 1-Sample Wilcoxon

Open the MINITABTM worksheet: DISTRIB1.MTW

Stat>Non parametric> 1 Sample Sign …

For a two tailed test choose

Stat>Non parametric> 1 Sample Wilcoxon …

Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test: Pos Skew

N for Wilcoxon Estimated

For a confidence interval

Stat>Non parametric> 1 Sample Sign …

Sign confidence interval for Median

Since the target of 63 is not

Wilcoxon Signed Rank CI: Pos Skew

Exercise objective: To practice solving a problem

A mining company is falling behind profit targets. The mine

1. Analyze the problem using the Hypothesis Testing

Sign Test for Median: Tons hauled

The results show a P-value of 0.0127 and a Median of 1.800.

The Mann-Whitney test is used to test if the Medians for 2 samples

1. Determine if different machines have different Median cycle

3. Perform the Mann-Whitney test. Use the data provided in the

First run a Normality Test…of course!

Probability Plot of Mach A

If the samples are the same

Mann-Whitney Test and CI: Mach A, Mach B