AMPLITUDE MODULATION

MODULATION
-Is a process of transforming information from
its original form to a form that is more suitable
for transmission.
-the process of having a baseband signal
modify another high frequency signal called the
carrier.
Typical AM Radio System
 Why Use Modulation?
• Most input signals, commonly created by
transducers, can’t be sent directly over the
communication channel. We refer to these
signals as baseband signals.
• Instead a carrier wave whose properties are
better suited to the transmission
requirements is modified to represent the
signal.
 Reasons for Using Modulation

• Modulation for ease of radiation

• Modulation for frequency assignment
• Modulation for multiplexing
• Modulation to overcome equipment
limitations
• Modulation to reduce noise and interference.
 Baseband vs. Carrier Communication
• Baseband communication – is the
transmission of a message as generated is
transmitted without frequency translation.
• Carrier Communication – requires the
modulation of the message onto a carrier
signal to transmit it over a different frequency
band. We use modulators to do this frequency
translation.
 AM Power Distribution
Bandwidth Requirements Unmodulated Carrier Power

BW = 2fm 𝑉𝑐^2
Pc =
2𝑅

Upper and Lower Sideband Powers Power Relationship

Pusb = PLSB = m2V2c / 8R PT = PC(1+m2/2)

Current and Voltage Relationship PT = PC + 2PSB

Modulation by several signals
𝑚2
IT = IC 1 +
2 VT = 𝑉 2 1 + 𝑉 2 2 + 𝑉 2 3+. .
IT = 𝐼2 1 + 𝐼2 2 + 𝐼2 3+. .
𝑚2
VT = VC 1 + PT = PC + PTSB
2
PTSB = PSB1 + PSB2 + PSB3 …
meff = 𝑚2 1 + 𝑚2 2 + 𝑚2 3+. .
 STANDARD AM TRANSMITTER

INTERMEDIATE MODULATED LINEAR

CRYSTAL BUFFER
POWER POWER POWER
OSCILLATOR AMPLIFIER AMPLIFIER AMPLIFIER AMPLIFIER

SPEECH DRIVER PUSH – PULL

AMPLIFIER AMPLIFIER MODULATOR
 TRANSMITTER REQUIREMENTS
• Frequency Accuracy and Stability
• Frequency Agility
• Spectral Purity
• Power Output
• Efficiency
• Modulation Fidelity
AM Modulation Circuits
Modulator Using JFET and Op amp
Modulator Using PIN diodes
Modulator Using NPN Transistor
 AM RECEPTION
• AM demodulation is the reverse process of
AM modulation.
• Demodulator is a circuit that accepts a
modulated signal and recovers the original
modulating information.
• Also known as a detector.
 STANDARD AM RECEIVER

Mixer/
RF Bandpass Bandpass Bandpass
converter IF section
section filter filter Filter
section

AM Bandpass Audio
detector Filter section
 RECEIVER PARAMETERS
• Selectivity
• Bandwidth Improvement
• Sensitivity
• Dynamic Range
• Fidelity
• Insertion Loss
• Noise Temperature and Equivalent Noise
Temperature
 STANDARD AM RECEIVERS
• Tuned Radio Frequency (TRF)
• Super Heterodyne Receivers
 Tuned Radio Frequency (TRF)
• One of the earliest types of AM receivers
Advantage:
• The simplest designed radio receivers.
Disadvantage:
• The Bandwidth is inconsistent and varies with center
frequency when tuned over a wide range of
frequencies
• Instability due to the large number of amplifier all
tuned to the center frequency.
• Gains are not uniform over a wide frequency range.
 SuperHeterodyne Receiver
• Gain, selectivity and sensitivity characteristics
are superior to those of other receivers
• Heterodyne means to mix two frequencies
together in a non-linear device or to translate
one frequency to another using non-linear
mixing.