Concrete Design

Concrete

 It is an artificial stone derived from a mixture of properly

proportioned amount of hydraulic cement, fine
aggregates, coarse aggregates and water, with or without
admixtures.

 A mixture of Portland cement or any other hydraulic

cement, fine aggregates, course aggregates and water,
with or without admixtures.
Admixture

 Is a material other than water, aggregate or hydraulic

cement used as an ingredient of concrete and added to
concrete before and during ots mixing to modify its
properties.
Admixture

Accelerator – an admixture which hasten the hardening rate

and/or initial setting time of concrete.

Retarder – an admixture which slows the setting rate of

concrete.
 Portland

Concrete Design Mix

Chemical
Admixture Cement
Water
0% 12%
17%

Sand
Gravel
33%
38%

CONCRETE VOLUME

Typical distribution of raw materials by volume

for a normal strength concrete.
 Chemical

Concrete Design Mix

Gravel Water
Admixture
18% 0%
7%

Sand
7%
Portland
Cement
68%

CONCRETE COST
Note:
Cement accounts for most of the concrete raw material cost.
Reinforced Concrete

Is a composite material in which concrete’s

relatively low tensile strength and ductility are
countered by the inclusion of reinforcement having
higher tensile strength and ductility.
Choice of slump
If slump is not specified, a value appropriate for the work
can be selected from the given table:
Table A1.5.3.1 Recommended Slumps for
Various Types of Construction (SI)
Slump, mm
Types of construction
Maximum Minimum
Reinforced foundation walls and footings 75 25
Plain footings, caissons & substructure walls 75 25
Beams and reinforced walls 100 25
Building columns 100 25
Pavements and Slabs 75 25
Mass concrete 75 25
Slump Test

 Slump is a measurement of concrete's workability, or fluidity.

 It's an indirect measurement of concrete consistency or stiffness.

Types of Slumps

 The slumped concrete takes various shapes,

and according to the profile of slumped
concrete, the slump is termed as;
Apparatus

 Slump Mold
 Dimension of Slump Cone:
 Diameter of the base – 203 mm
 Diameter of the top – 102 mm
 Altitude – 305 mm
Apparatus

 Tamping Rod
 A tamping rod made of round, straight steel 16 mm in diameter
and approximately 600 mm in length,with the tamping end
rounded to a hemispherical tip of 16 mm diameter.
Apparatus

 Shovel / Scoop and Ruler

Procedure

1. To obtain a representative sample, take samples from two or more

regular intervals throughout the discharge of the mixer or truck. DO
NOT take samples at the beginning or the end of the discharge.

2. Dampen inside of cone and place it on a smooth, moist, non-

absorbent, level surface large enough to accommodate both the
slumped concrete and the slump cone. Stand or, foot pieces
throughout the test procedure to hold the cone firmly in place.

3. Fill cone 1/3 full by volume and rod 25 times with steel tamping rod.
Distribute rodding evenly over the entire cross section of the sample.
Procedure

4. Fill cone 2/3 full by volume. Rod this layer 25 times with rod penetrating
into, but not through first layer. Distribute rodding evenly over the entire
cross section of the layer.

5. Fill cone to overflowing. Rod this layer 25 times with rod penetrating into
but not through, second layer. Distribute rodding evenly over the entire
cross section of this layer.

6. Remove the excess concrete from the top of the cone, using tamping rod
as a screed. Clean overflow from base of cone.

7. Immediately lift cone vertically with slow, even motion. Do not jar the
concrete or tilt the cone during this process. Invert the withdrawn cone,
and place next to, but not touching the slumped concrete. (Perform in 5-
10 seconds with no lateral or torsional motion.)
Procedure
8. Lay a straight edge across the top of the slump cone. Measure the
amount of slump in inches from the bottom of the straight edge to
the top of the slumped concrete at a point over the original center
of the base. The slump operation shall be completed in a maximum
elapsed time of 2 1/2 minutes. Discard concrete. DO NOT use in
any other tests.

Slump

Ruler

Slump Cone
Slump Test

Testing tip:
Since concrete setting is time and temperature dependent, this test must be
started within 5 minutes after obtaining the composite sample and completed
within 2 ½ minutes after the filling process begins.
Water-cement ratio [w/c] or
water cementitious material ratio [w/(c+p)]

The required water cement ratio is determined not

only by strength requirements but also by factors such
as durability.
Since different aggregates, cements and cementitious
materials will produce different strength at the same
w/c ratio, it is highly desirable to have or develop the
relationship between strength and w/c ratio for the
materials actually to be used.
In the absence of such data, approximate and
relatively conservative values for concrete containing
Type I portland cement can be taken from table.
Table A1.5.3.4(a) Relationship between Water-cement Ratio
and Compressive Strength of Concrete (SI)

Water-cement ration, by mass

Compressive strength at 28 Non-air-entrained Air-entrained

days, Mpa Concrete Concrete

40 0.42
35 0.47 0.39
30 0.54 0.45
25 0.61 0.52
20 0.69 0.60
15 0.79 0.70
Maximum size of aggregate

Large nominal maximum sizes of well graded aggregates

have less voids than smaller sizes. Hence, concrete with
the larger-sizes well graded aggregates requires less
mortar per unit volume of concrete.
Generally, the nominal maximum size of aggregate
should be the largest that is economically available and
consistent with dimensions of the structure.
In no event should the nominal maximum size exceed
• one-fifth of the narrowest dimension between sides of forms,
• one-third the depth of slabs,
• nor three-fourths of the minimum clear spacing between
individual reinforcing bars, bundles of bars or pre-tensioning
strands.
2nd test: Making and curing test specimens

MAKING AND CURING

CONCRETE TEST
SPECIMENS IN THE
FIELD

31
Apparatus needed :Cylinder mold

32
Apparatus (Cylinder mold)

 We will need the following apparatus for the test. Cylinder mold made of
steel 150 mm. In diameter and 300 mm in height constructed in the form of
right circular cylinders and the top open to receive the concrete and shall be
watertight and sufficiently strong and tough to permit their used without
tearing, crushing or deforming.
Apparatus (Beam Mold)

 Beam mold ,
rectangular in
shape and having a
length of 21". The
cross section shall
be 6" by 6".
Apparatus (Tamping Rod)
Apparatus
(Tools such as shovels, pails, trowels, straight
edge, scoop and ruler)

36
Water storage tank

37
Sampling and mixing receptacle

38
II. MAKING AND CURING OF CONCRETE COMPRESSION
AND FLEXURE TEST SPECIMENS IN FIELD
(AASHTO Designation T 23)
(ASTM Designation C 31)

For the method of making and curing concrete specimens in the

laboratory (AASHTO Designation T126)

1. Molding of (cylindrical specimens) compression test specimens

3 layers
25 blows/layer

24” 12”

1 set (3 cylinders) for every 75 m3 or

fraction thereof, each day of pouring
6”

5/8” Rammer
2. Molding of (Beam) Flexure Test Specimens
For Concrete Pavement
Beam Specimens
A= L x W
= 21” x 6”
= 126 sq. in.
1 Blow per 2 sq. in.
6”

126 blows
= 63
2 layer
6”

21”
2 layers
63 blows / layer using the
same rammer as in concrete
cylinder sample
3. CURING
A. Application of water to counteract evaporation
• Ponding
• Sprinkling
• Spraying
• Wet burlap
• Wet Earth
• Wet Sand
• Saw Dust
• Straw

B. Application of water proof paper or moisture retention cover sealing

curing compound

* Continuous moist curing at a temperature range of 15.5oC –

37.5oC gives the best results
 III. STRENGTH DETERMINATION OF CONCRETE
TEST SPECIMENS (AASHTO T 97)
1. Flexural Strength of Beam Specimens
a. Third Point Loading Method

R= PL = P 18 = P in #
6” x 6” x 6” 12 in2
bd2
//////////////
1 in Min.
Where:
R = Modulus of rupture, psi or Mpa
D = L/3 Specimen
P = Load in lbs. or in tons
L = Span length in inches
L/3 L/3 l/3

b = base in inches
Span Length
d = depth
L
1. If the fracture occurs in the tension surface within the
middle third of the span length.
PL
R =
bd2

2. If the fracture occurs in the tension surface outside of

the middle third of the span length by not more than
5 percent of the span length.
R = 3 Pa
bd2
Where:
a = average distance between line of fracture and the
nearest support measured on the tension surface of the
beam.
Example: Flexural Strength using the third point loading
Method, FS
1
FS = 2.40 tons x 2204.6 lbs X = 440.92 psi
tons 12 in2

Mpa
FS = 440.92 psi x .006895 = 3.04 MPa
psi
 b. Center Point Loading Method:

1 in. min.
(25 mm)

L/3

L/2 L/2
Span Length,
L

3 PL
R=
2 bd2

Where: R = Modulus of Rupture

P = Load
L = Span length
b – base
d = depth
STRENGTH OF CYLINDRICAL CONCRETE SPECIMENS
(AASHTO Designation T 22)
(ASTM Designation C 39)

Rate of Loading for Compressive Strength test:

Load applied at a constant rate within range 20 to 50 psi / sec.
For Cylinder:
6”
Cross Sectional Area = IID2
4
Ac= 3.1416 (6”) = 28.27 in.2
2

4
12” Compressive Strength = 64,000 lbs X .006895 Mpa
28.27 in.2 psi
CS = 15.6 MPa

DPWH Spec’s (Blue Book)

Compressive Strength requirement – 24.1 Mpa (3,500 psi)
Min. at 14 days
REINFORCING STEEL BAR
 REINFORCING STEEL BAR

– a steel product of plain, round or deformed cross-section for

concrete reinforcement
 Classification
Deformed Steel Bar – surface of which is provided with lugs or
protrusions called deformation.

 Plain Steel Bar – without surface deformation

 Grade - Steel bar shall be graded according to its minimum

yield strength
 Grade 280 (40) bars are furnished only in sizes 3 through 6
(10 mm through 19 mm)

 Grade 520 (75) bars are furnished only in sizes through 18

(19 mm through 57 mm)
 Length – available at 5.0, 6.0, 7.5, 9.0, 10.5 and 12.0 meters

 Sizes - 10mm, 12mm, 16mm, 20mm, 25mm, 28mm, 32mm, 36mm,

40mm and 50 mm in diameter
 Uses

 Embedded in concrete for purpose of resisting

particular stresses

 Control cracking of concrete structure

 Maintain the structural integrity of the slab between

transverse joints

 Prevents the progressive opening of cracks by

holding the edges of the cracks closely together
 Sampling/Minimum Testing Requirement

 Quality Test (Q.T.)

One (1) (Q.T.) for every 10,000 kgs or fraction thereof for
each size

 Test Specimen :

1 – meter representative of the size of steel bar intended for test.

mark in the center of the test specimen a 200 mm ( 8 “ ) gage
length.

 Testing Equipment : Universal Machine - main equipment having

100 tons or 200,000 lbs. capacity
TESTS ON REINFORCING STEEL BARS
1. Variation in Mass
The test determines the actual size of the bar based on weight
Measurement per one-meter length and determines its variation to
the standard nominal mass per respective size of the steel bar

Variation in Mass, % :

Actual Mass of Specimen, kg/m - Nominal Mass, kg/m x

100
Nominal Mass, kg/m

DPWH Specification:
Variation in Mass, % : Shall not exceed 6% under nominal weight
except for bars smaller than 3/8 in. (10 mm)
plain round. In no case shall the overweight
be the cause for rejection.
Weight measurement per meter length of steel bar
 2. Determination of Tensile Properties

The test is intended to determine the yield and tensile strength of

the bar as well as its elongation, and is used to classify the bars
into grade.

Maximum Load the Specimen sustains during test

Tensile Strength = _____________”________________________________
Nominal cross-sectional Area of the Specimen

Load sustain by the Specimen by the sudden halt of Load

Yield Point = _____________________________________________
Nominal cross-sectional Area of the Specimen
 AASHTO M 31 ( 2003 )
STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR DEFORMED AND PLAIN STEEL BARS
FOR CONCRETE REINFORCEMENT
Strength Requirements:
Grade Tensile Strenght , MPa, min. Yield Stenght , Mpa, min.

280 ( 40 ) 420 280

420 ( 60 ) 620 420
520 ( 75 ) 690 520

Elongation Requirements:

Bar Designation No. / mm Grade 280(40) Grade 420 (60) Grade 520(75)
No. 3 ( 10 ) 11 9 -

No. 4, 5 ( 13, 16 ) 12 9 -
No. 6 ( 19 ) 12 9 7

No. 7, 8 ( 22, 25 ) - 8 7
No. 9,10,11 ( 29, 32, 36 ) - 7 6
No. 14, 18 ( 43, 57 ) - 7 6
 Bending Requirement No cracking on outside bent

Variation in Mass, % 6.0 Max. under nominal mass

Phosphorous Content, % 0.06 Max.

Footnotes:

Grade 280 (40) are furnished only in sizes from 10 mm through 19 mm

Grade 420 (60) are furnished in all sizes from 10 mm to 57 mm

Grade 520 (75) are furnished only in sizes from 19 mm through 57 mm

55
 PHILIPPINE NATIONAL STANDARD PNS 49: 2000
SPECIFICATION FOR STEEL BARS FOR CONCRETE REINFORCEMENT
Strength Requirements:
MINIMUM TENSILE STRENGTH, Mpa MINIMUM YIELD STRENGTH, Mpa
GRADE
Non - Weldable Weldable Non - Weldable Weldable

230 390 390 230 230

275 480 480 275 275

415 620 550 * 415 415 **

Elongation Requirements:
PERCENT ELONGATION
GRADE BAR DIAMETER, mm
NON – WELDABLE WELDABLE
230 < 25 mm 18 20

≥ 25 mm 16 18

275 < 25 mm 10 16

≥ 25 mm 8 14
425 < 25 mm 8 14

≥ 25 mm 7 12
 PHILIPPINE NATIONAL STANDARD PNS 49: 2000
SPECIFICATION FOR STEEL BARS FOR CONCRETE REINFORCEMENT

Dimensional Properties
Nominal Diameter, mm
Parameters
10 12 16 20 25 28 32 36 40
Nominal Unit Mass, kg/m 0.616 0.888 1.578 2.466 3.853 4.834 6.313 7.990 9.865

Nominal X-Sect. Area, mm2 78.54 113.10 201.06 314.16 490.88 615.75 804.25 1017.88 1256.64

Max. Ave. Spacing, mm 7.0 8.4 11.2 14.0 17.25 19.6 22.4 25.2 28.0

Min. Lug Height, mm 0.4 0.5 0.7 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0

Max. Lug Height, mm 0.8 1.0 1.4 2.0 2.4 2.8 3.2 3.6 4.0

Max. Summ. Of Gaps, mm 7.8 9.4 12.6 15.7 19.6 22.0 25.1 27.5 31.41
Variation in Mass, % ± 6 ± 6 ± 6 ±6 ± 6 ± 6 ± 6 ± 6
± 6
Note : * Tensile srength shall not be less than 1.25 times the actual yield strength. TS / TY for
Weldable ≥ 1.25

** Yield Strength = 540 Mpa max.

TENSILE STRENGTH DETERMINATION OF REINFORCING STEEL BARS
3. Elongation : express as the increase in length of the gage length as a
percentage of the original gage length.

Elongation, % : Final Elongation, mm – Gage Length, mm x 100

Gage Length, mm

DPWH Specification:

Elongation, % : See Table (Based on the size of steel bar)

Measurement of rebar elongation

4. Phosphorous Content Determination
The test evaluates the ductile properties of rebars

DPWH Specification:

Phosphorous Content, % = 0.06 Max

5. Deformation Measurements (For deformed Bar)
 Average spacing (spacing between the lugs)

 Average Height (Height of the lug)

 Gap (Width of the Rib)

Measurement of rebar deformation

6. Determination of Bending Properties
The test is one of the methods in evaluating the ductile
properties of the reinforcing steel bars.

Reporting : Examine carefully the bent portion for any sign of

cracking on the outside bend and report with satisfactory
when no cracks appears and unsatisfactory when sign of
crack occurs.

Set cold bend apparatus then

place sample for bending test

Start the bending

operation using Universal
Testing Machine (UTM)
A slump Cone use to test freshly mixed concrete is a mold in
the form of lateral of lateral surface of the frustum of a cone
with a base diameter 8” and a top diameter of 4”. What is its
height?

a. 6”
b. 8”
c. 12”
d. 24”
It is the most important component in determining the
strength of concrete

a. Cement
b. Water
c. Sand
d. Gravel
The most important factor affecting the strength of concrete

a. Void – Cement Ratio

b. Water
c. Quantity of Cement
d. Water-Cemenr Ratio
When do you get samples for a Slump Test?

a. At the start of mixer discharge

b. At the middle of mixer discharge
c. At the end of mix
d. At any time of mixer discharge
Reinforced Concrete
Design
BEAMS
Ultimate Load = Reduction factor x Nominal Load

Ultimate Capacity = Reduction Factor x Nominal Capacity

Strength Reduction Factors F(Phi)

 A. Flexure without axial . . . . . . . 0.90

 Axial tension, and axial tension with flexure . . . . . 0.90
 Axial Compression, and Axial Compression with Flexure
 A. Spiral . . . . . . . 0.75
 B. Ties . . . . . . . 0.70
 Shear and Tension . . . . . . . 0.85
 Bearing on Concrete . . . . . . . 0.70
Analysis and Design of beams

Balanced Section
The steel provided in the beam is such that both concrete
and steel reach the limiting values of strain simultaneously.
Steel ratio

Ratio of tension
r = As/bd
reinforcement
rmax = .75rbal
*For flexure members, it
should not exceed .75 of rmin = 1.4/fy
r balance

*and not less than 1.4/fy

Analysis and Design of beams
Under Reinforced Section

The steel provided in the beam is such that steel reach the limiting
values of strain prior to concrete. This results in yielding of the steel and
the steel could yield till it attains the ultimate strain at which point it
breaks.
Analysis and Design of beams

Over Reinforced Section

The steel provided in the beam is such that concrete reach

the limiting values of strain prior to steel. This results in
breaking of concrete and since now there is no concrete
present to take the compression the beam fails suddenly.

The additional margin that we get in under reinforced

section helps in prevention of a sudden failure and provide
the necessary warning to the inhabitants of the building.
Singly Reinforced Beam

Singly reinforced beam is one

in which the main
reinforcement is provided only
in the tension zone and also
here the ultimate bending
moment is less than the
limiting bending moment.
Doubly Reinforced Beam

Occasionally, beams are

restricted by space or
aesthetic requirements to such
extent the compression
concrete should be reinforced
with steel to carry
compression.
T- Beam

Reinforced concrete floor

usually consist of slabs and
beams, which are placed or
poured monolithically. In this
effect, the beam will have an
extra width at the top (that is
under compression) ca;;ed
flanges.
Mu = Moment Capacity of beams
Shear Reinforcements
Shear Reinforcements

Another type of beam failure other than bending

failure is shear failure. Shear failures are very
dangerous especially if it happens before flexure
failure because they can occur without warning
Type of Stirrups
The design of bending members for shear is based
on the assumption that concrete resist part of the
shear and any excess over and above what the
concrete could carry should be resisted by shear
reinforcement which may take in several forms.
a. Vertical stirrups
b. Inclined or diagonal stirrups; and
c. The main reinforcement bent at ends to act as
inclined stirrups
Type of Shear Reinforcement

According to Section 5.11.5.1 of the Code, shear

reinforcement may consist of
a. Stirrups perpendicular to axis of member, and
b. Welded wire fabric with wires located
perpendicular to axis of member
Exceptions
Shear reinforcements shall be provided in all
reinforced concrete flexural members except as
follows:
1. slab and footings.
2. beams with any of the following:
a total depth less than 250mm,
2.5 times the flange thickness or
½ the width of the web, whichever is greater.
3. in concrete joist construction
1
4. where Vu < ϕ𝑉𝑐
2
Criteria Equations

φVc = φ1/6√𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑏𝑑
Vc = shear force that concrete alone resists
b = width of rectangular beam or
=width of web for a T-beam
d = effective depth of beam
Φ = strength reduction factor = 0.85

1
Vu = 𝑤 L − 𝑤𝑢 d (for simply supported beams)
2 𝑢
Spacing of Stirrups

𝐴𝑣𝑓𝑦𝑑 𝐴𝑣𝑓𝑦𝑑
S= = 𝑉𝑢
𝑉𝑠 − 𝑉𝑐
ϕ
Vs = Vu/φ – Vc
Vs = Vn – Vc = nominal shear strength provided by the shear reinforcement
Vn = Vu/φ
Vc = 1/6√𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑏𝑑
1
when Vu >2 ϕ𝑉𝑐 (needs stirrups)
Spacing Criterion

 Smax = d/2 ≤ 600mm if Vs ≤ 1/3√𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑏𝑑

 Smax = d/2 ≤ 300𝑚𝑚 if Vs > 1/3√𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑏𝑑

 Smin> 2/3√𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑏𝑑
 Smin = 75mm or 100mm
Minimum area of web reinforcement

𝑏𝑆
Av =
3𝑓𝑦

Av = 2As = 157𝑚𝑚2 (for 10mm φ stirrups)

b = width of rectangular beam or
= web width for T-beams
S = spacing of stirrups center to center (mm)
fy = yield strength of web reinforcement
Development Length

min(12 ∗ 𝑑𝑏 , 300𝑚𝑚)
Development Length

Bar development length or Ld is the embedment

necessary to assure that the bar can be stressed to
its yield point with some reserved to insure
member toughness
Basic Development Length of Bars

For 32mm and smaller

0.02 ∗ 𝐴𝑏 ∗ 𝑓𝑦
𝐿𝑑𝑏 = ≥ 0.06 ∗ 𝑑𝑏 ∗ 𝑓𝑦
𝑓′𝑐

For 36mm
25 ∗ 𝑓𝑦
𝐿𝑑𝑏 =
𝑓′𝑐
For deformed wire
3 ∗ 𝑑𝑏 ∗ 𝑓𝑦
𝐿𝑑𝑏 =
8 ∗ 𝑓′𝑐
Clear Cover
Sample Problems

What is the minimum concrete cover of

cast-in-place 2ndfloor slabs considering
42mm dia bars??
40 mm
Sample Problems

What is the minimum concrete cover of

cast-in-place slab on fill considering
16mm dia bars?
75 mm
Standard Hooks
Sample Problems

Given a 300mmx300mm Column with a 8-

16mm dia main bars and 10mm dia. Ties,
what is the length of each column tie if the
column is nonprestressed and not exposed to
weather?
Sample Problems

Given a 300mmx350mm Column with a 8-20mm dia

main bars and 10mm dia. Ties, what is the length of
each column tie if the column is nonprestressed and
not exposed to weather?
COLUMNS
Tied columns
Spiral Columns
General Specification

 Minimum cross-section
 200 X 300 mm
 Minimum Gross Area
 60000 𝑚𝑚 2
Axial Load Capacity
∅𝑃𝑛 = ∝ ∅ ∙ 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐 𝐴𝑔 − 𝐴𝑠𝑡 + 𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡

Where
𝑃𝑛 = Nominal Strength
𝑃𝑢 = ∅𝑃𝑛 = Ultimate Load
∅ = Reduction Factor
𝑓 ′𝑐 = Concrete Strength
𝐴𝑔 = Gross area of the Column
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = Area of Steel
Reduction Factor

For Tied Column

∝ = 0.80
∅ = 0.70
For Spiral Column
∝ = 0.85
∅ =0.75
Longitudinal bars

 0.01Ag < Ast < 0.06Ag

 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔_𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
max(1.5 ∗ 𝑑𝑏 , 40𝑚𝑚)
Lateral Ties and stirrups

10 mm - Longitudinal bars with

32mm or smaller

12mm - Longitudinal bars with

36mm or larger and for bundled
Longitudinal bars
Spacing of Lateral Ties

The spacing of these ties shall not

exceed:
 16 longitudinal bar diameter,
 48 tie bar diameter or
 the least dimension of the
compression member.
Spirals
 For Cast-in-place, Minimum size is 10 mm
 Ratio of Volume of Steel to Volume of Gross area is
derived by the equation:
4 ∗ 𝑎𝑠 ∗ ( 𝐷𝑐 − 𝑑𝑠 )
𝜌𝑠 =
𝑠 ∗ 𝐷𝑐 2
Minimum ratio can be derived by:
𝐴𝑔 𝑓′𝑐
𝜌𝑠_𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.45 ∗ −1 ∗
𝐴𝑐 𝑓𝑦
Spacing of Spiral Ties

 MinimumSpacing of Spirals is 25mm

 Maximum Spacing of Spiral is 75mm
THANK YOU!!