V G RAO

HVDC / KOLAR
REASONS FOR AC GENERATION AND TRANSMISSION

Due to ease of transformation of voltage levels (simple

transformer action) and rugged squirrel cage motors,
ALTERNATING CURRENT is universally utilised.—
Both for GENERATION and LOADS and hence for
TRANSMISSION.
Generators are at remote places, away from the
populated areas i.e. the load centers
They are either PIT HEAD THERMAL or HYDEL
Turbines drive synchronous generators giving an
output at 15-25 kV.
Voltage is boosted up to 220 or 400 KV by step-up
transformers for transmission to LOADS.
To reach the loads at homes/industry at required safe
levels, transformers step down voltage.
COMPARISION OF HVAC & HVDC SYSTEMS
– CONVENTIONALLY POWER TRANSMISSION IS EFFECTED
THROUGH HVAC SYSTEMS ALL OVER THE WORLD.

– HVAC TRANSMISSION IS HAVING SEVER LIMITATIONS LIKE LINE

LENGTH , UNCONTROLLED POWER FLOW, OVER/LOW
VOLTAGES DURING LIGHTLY / OVER LOADED
CONDITIONS,STABILITY PROBLEMS,FAULT ISOLATION ETC

– CONSIDERING THE DISADVANTAGES OF HVAC SYSTEM AND THE

ADVANTAGES OF HVDC TRANSMISSION , POWERGRID HAS
CHOOSEN HVDC TRANSMISSION FOR TRANSFERRING 2000 MW
FROM ER TO SR
HVDC: USE less current
• Direct current : Roll
along the line ;
opposing force friction
(electrical resistance )
• AC current will
struggle against
inertia in the line
(100times/sec)-
cuurent inertia –
inductance-reactive
power
Better Voltage utilisation rating
 DC has Greater Reach
• Distance as well as
amount of POWER
determine the choice
of DC over AC
 DC

• The alternating current in a cable ”leaks” current (charging

movements) in the same manner as a pulsating pressure
would be evened out in an elastic tube.
 DIRECT CURRENT CONSERVES FOREST
AND SAVES LAND

• Fewer support TOWER, less losses

 CONTROLLING or BEING
CONTROLLED

• By raising the level in tank ;controlled water flow

 CONTROLLING or BEING
CONTROLLED

• ZERO IF Vr=VI=10V
HVDC leads to Better Use of AC
TRANS SYS.

• FORCE HAS TO BE APPLIED IN RIGHT

POSITION
HVDC provides increase power
but does not increase the short
circuit POWER
 HVDC LEADS TO BETTER
USE OF AC
• HVDC and HVAC
SHOULD CO-
OPERATE FOR
OPTIMUM
EFFICIENCY
 HVDC LEADS TO BETTER
USE OF AC
• If two networks are connected by an AC link, it
can be in-efficient
ADVANTAGES OF HVDC OVER HVAC TRANSMISSION

– CONTROLLED POWER FLOW IS POSSIBLE

VERY PRECISELY
– ASYNCHRONOUS OPERATION POSSIBLE
BETWEEN REGIONS HAVING DIFFERENT
ELECTRICAL PARAMETERS
– NO RESTRICTION ON LINE LENGTH AS NO
REACTANCE IN DC LINES
ADVANTAGES OF HVDC OVER HVAC TRANSMISSION

– STABILISING HVAC SYSTEMS -DAMPENING OF POWER

SWINGS AND SUB SYNCHRONOUS FREQUENCIES OF
GENERATOR.

– FAULTS IN ONE AC SYSTEMS WILL NOT EFFECT THE OTHER

AC SYSTEM.

– CABLE TRANSMISSION

.
ADVANTAGES OF HVDC OVER HVAC TRANSMISSION

CHEAPER THAN HVAC SYSTEM DUE TO LESS TRANSMISSION

LINES & LESS RIGHT OF WAY FOR THE SAME AMOUNT OF
POWER TRANSMISSION
COST: AC vs DC Transmission

Line Cost AC

Line Cost DC

Terminal Cost DC

Terminal Cost AC

Break Even Distance

2000 MW HVDC VIS- A- VIS – HVAC SYSTEMS

HVDC BIPOLAR TRANSMISSION SYSTEM

2 DOUBLE CIRCUIT HVAC TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS

AC
DC
DC
 Types of HVDC
HVDC is the unique solution to
interconnect asynchronous systems
or grids with different frequencies.
Solution: HVDC Back-to-Back

Back-to-Back Station

Up to 600 MW AC AC

50 Hz 60 Hz
 Types of HVDC
HVDC represents the most
economical solution to transmit
electrical energy over distances
greater than approx. 600 km
Solution: HVDC Long Distance

Long Distance Transmission

Up to 3000 MW AC AC

DC line
 Types of HVDC
HVDC is an alternative for submarine
transmission.
Economical even for shorter distances
such as a few 10km/miles
Solution: HVDC Cable

Long Submarine Transmission

Up to 600 MW AC AC

DC cable
 HVDC BIPOLAR LINKS IN INDIA

NER
NER
NR
NR

ER
ER

RIHAND-DELHI -- 2*750 MW
SR
SR
CHANDRAPUR-PADGE – 2* 750 MW

TALCHER-KOLAR – 2*1000 MW
ER TO SR
SILERU-BARASORE - 100 MW
EXPERIMENTAL PROJECT
ER –SR
 HVDC IN INDIA
Bipolar
HVDC LINK CONNECTING CAPACITY LINE
REGION (MW) LENGTH

Rihand – North-North 1500 815

Dadri
Chandrapur - West - West 1500 752
Padghe
Talcher – East – South 2500 1367
Kolar
 ASYNCHRONOUS LINKS IN INDIA

NER
NER
NR
NR

ER
ER

VINDYACHAL (N-W) – 2*250 MW

SR
SR
CHANDRAPUR (W-S)– 2*500 MW

VIZAG (E-S) - 2*500 MW

SASARAM (E-N) - 1*500 MW

 HVDC IN INDIA
Back-to-Back
HVDC LINK CONNECTING CAPACITY
REGION (MW)
Vindyachal North – West 2 x 250
Chandrapur West – South 2 x 500
Vizag – I East – South 500
Sasaram East – North 500
Vizag – II East – South 500
BASIC PRINCIPLES
OF

HVDC TRANSMISSION
AC Transmission Principle
HVDC Transmission Principle
 USE OF DC

Direct current is put to use in common life for driving our

portable devices, UPSs, battery systems and vastly in
railway locomotives.

DC AS A MEANS OF TRANSMISSION
This has been possible with advent of
High power/ high current capability thyristors
&
Fast acting computerised controls
 Important Milestones in the Development of HVDC
technology

• · Hewitt´s mercury-vapour rectifier, which appeared in 1901.

• · Experiments with thyratrons in America and mercury arc valves in
Europe before 1940.
• · First commercial HVDC transmission, Gotland 1 in Sweden in
1954.
• · First solid state semiconductor valves in 1970.
• · First microcomputer based control equipment for HVDC in 1979.
• · Highest DC transmission voltage (+/- 600 kV) in Itaipú, Brazil,
1984.
• · First active DC filters for outstanding filtering performance in 1994.
• · First Capacitor Commutated Converter (CCC) in Argentina-Brazil
interconnection, 1998
• · First Voltage Source Converter for transmission in Gotland,
Sweden ,1999
 The Evolution of Thyristor Valves in HVDC

High Voltage Thyristor Valve History Highlights

1967 First Test Valve: 2 parallel 35 mm Thyristors @ 1650 V
1969 World's First Contract for an HVDC System with Thyristor Valves
2 parallel 35 mm thyristors @ 1650 V for 2000 A
1975 World's First Contract for Watercooled HVDC Thyristor Valves
2 parallel 52 mm thyristors @ 3500 V for 2000 A
1980 World's First Contract for HVDC System with 100 mm Thyristors
no parallel thyristors @ 4200 V for 3600 A
1994 First HVDC Contract Using 8kV Thyristors
100 mm thyristors @ 8000 V
1997 First Thyristor Valve with Direct-Light-Triggering
100 mm thyristors with breakover protection @ 8000 V for 2000 A
2001 First complete HVDC System using Direct-Light-Triggered
Thyristors with integrated breakover protection @ 8000 V
If DC is required to be used for transmission
&
since our primary source of power is A.C,
the following are the basic steps:
1. CONVERT AC into DC (rectifier)
2. TRANSMIT DC
3. CONVERT DC into AC ( inverter)
 Purpose & function of Thyristor Valve

• Connects AC phases to DC system

• Conduct High Current – currents upto 3000A without the requirement

of paralleling of thyristors

• Block High Voltage – Blocks high voltage in forward and reverse

direction up to 8KV

• Controllable – thyristor triggering /conduction possible with the gate

firing circuits

• Fault tolerant and robust

SINGLE PHASE HALF WAVE RECTIFIER
SINGLE PHASE
FULL WAVE
RECTIFIER
SINGLE PHASE FULL WAVE BRIDGE RECTIFIER
6-Pulse Convertor Bridge
Ld Id

1 3 5

Ls iA

E1
Ls iB
V'd Vd

Ls iC

4 6 2

Id
Voltage and Current of an Ideal
Diode 6 Pulse Converter

Alpha = 0
Overlap =
0
 Operation of Converter
• Each thyristor conducts for 120º

• Every 60º one Thyristor from +ve limb and one Thyristor
from –ve limb is triggered

• Each thyristor will be triggered when voltage across it

becomes positive

• Thyristor commutates the current automatically when the

voltage across it becomes –ve. Hence, this process is called
natural commutation and the converters are called Line
Commutated converters
 Operation of Converter

• Triggering can be delayed from this point and this is called firing angle
α

• Output voltage of the converter is controlled by controlling the α –

Rectifier action

• If α > 90º negative voltage is available across the bridge – Inverter

action

• Due to finite transformer inductance, current transfer from one

thyristor valve to the other cannot take place instantly

• This delay is called over lap angle μ and the reactance called
commutating reactance. This also causes additional drop in the voltage
Ideal No-Load Condition
1 3
C

A Vd

B
2
Effect of Control Angle
1
3
u u u
  
C

A Vd

B
2
RECTIFIER VOLTAGE
INVERTER VOLTAGE
 DC Terminal Voltage
RECTIFICATION

120 º 180 º 240 º 300 º 60 º 120 º 180 º

0
E . 2
0.866 E . 2 LL
LL
 DC Terminal Voltage
INVERSION

E . 2
0.866 E . 2 LL
LL

120 º 180 º 240 º 300 º 60 º 120 º 180 º

0
DC Voltage Verses Firing Angle
1
Vd

0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
alpha
0
-0.2 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
Vd=Vac*1.35 *(cos alpha-uk/2)
Valve Voltage and Valve Current
RECTIFICATION
 =15º

+u  0.866 E . 2
u LL
Q
A S A
120 180 240 300 R 60 120 180
0
u
u u P
E . 2
LL
B EG J L N
D
H M
C F K

60 60 60
Valve Voltage and Valve Current

INVERSION 60º 60º 60º

 =15º
u u u
G L P
u E J
D N
 F H K M Q
Q
0.866 E . 2
C LL

R AS R
120º 180 º 240 º 60 º 120 º 180 º
0
B 

E . 2
LL
12-Pulse Convertor Bridge

Commonly Used in HVDC systems

 12-Pulse Convertor Bridge
• Commonly adopted in all HVDC applications
• Two 6 pulse bridges connected in series
• 30º phase shift between Star and Delta
windings of the converter transformer
• Due to this phase shift, 5th and 7th harmonics
are reduced and filtering higher order
harmonics is easier
• Higher pulse number than 12 is not
economical
DC VOLTAGE AT α = 15º
DC VOLTAGE AT α = 90º
DC VOLTAGE AT α = 165º
HVDC Link Voltage Profile
RECTIFIER INVERTER
Vdio R

cos  Vdio I

cos 
Id Xc
2
Id E r
Id R L Id X c
2
IdEr
DC CABLE or O/H LINE

VdR=VdioR cos-Id Xc+Er VdI=VdioI(cos-Id Xc+Er

2 2
 Control of DC Voltage

Rectifier Operation Inverter Operation

AC System Power Flow DC System AC System Power Flow DC System

Id Id

V1 V3 V5 V1 V3 V5

Phase A Phase A

Phase B Ud Phase B Ud

Phase C Phase C

V4 V6 V2 V4 V6 V2

+Ud
Rectifier
Operation
160
0

5 30 60 90 120 150 180
Inverter
Operation
-Ud
Relationship of DC Voltage Ud and Firing
Angle α
 Rect. Limit
Rectifier
+Ud Operation

160 
0
5 30 60 90 120 150 180
Inverter
Operation
-Ud
 Inv Limit
 = 0o  = 30o  = 60o
Ud

Ud

wt

 = 90o  = 120o  = 150o

Ud

wt

-Ud
How does HVDC
Operate?
NORMAL POWER DIRECTION
REVERSE POWER OPERATION
Schematic of HVDC
 Modes of Operation
Bipolar
Smoothing Reactor DC OH Line Smoothing Reactor

Thyristor
Thyristor
Valves
Valves
Current

Converter Converter
Transformer Transformer

Current

400 kV 400 kV
AC Bus AC Bus

AC Filters, AC Filters, shunt

Reactors capacitors
 Modes of Operation
Monopolar Ground Return
Smoothing Reactor DC OH Line Smoothing Reactor

Thyristor
Thyristor
Valves
Valves

Converter Current Converter

Transformer Transformer

400 kV 400 kV
AC Bus AC Bus

AC Filters, AC Filters
Reactors
 Modes of Operation
Monopolar Metallic Return
Smoothing Reactor DC OH Line Smoothing Reactor

Thyristor
Thyristor
Valves
Valves

Converter Current Converter

Transformer Transformer

400 kV 400 kV
AC Bus AC Bus

AC Filters, AC Filters
Reactors
 TALCHER KOLAR
SCHEMATIC TALCHER

Electrode
Station
Electrode
Station
KOLAR +/- 500 KV DC line
1370 KM

Kolar
400kv System
220kv system
Hosur
Hoody
B’lore Chintamani
Salem Madras
Cudappah Udumalpet
 Sharing of Talcher Power
3%
• Tamil Nadu - 636 MW 17%

• 32%

• A.P. - 499 MW 23%

•
• Karnataka - 466 MW 25%

T.N. A.P.
• Kerala - 330 MW Karnataka Kerala
Pondy

• Pondicherry - 69 MW
KOLAR SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM
TACLHER-KOLAR ± 500 kV HVDC TRANSMISSION SYTEM

• Project Highlights
– FOR TRANSMITTING 2000 MW OF POWER FROM NTPC TALCHER
STPS -II AND FOR SHARING AMOGEST SOUTHERN STATES THE
2000 MW HVDC BIPOLAR TRANSMISSION SYSTEM IS ENVISAGED
AS
EAST SOUTH INTERCONNECTOR II (ESICON –II).
– THIS IS THE LARGEST TRANSMISSION SYSTEM TAKEN UP IN
THE COUNTRY SO FAR
– THE PROJECT SCHEDULE IS QUITE CHALLENGING
• AGAINST THE 50 MONTHS FOR SUCH PROJECTS, THE
PROJECT SCHEDULE IS ONLY 39 MONTHS
• SCHEDULED COMPLETION BY JUNE 2003
• Project Highlights

– KEY DATES

• AWARD OF HVDC TERMINAL STATION PKG -

14TH MAR 2000

• AWARD OF HVAC PACKAGE -

27TH APR 2000
– APPROVED PROJECT COST - RS. 3865.61 CR

– THIS IS THE FIRST OF SUCH SYSTEM WHERE THE ENTIRE

GENERATION IN ONE REGION IS EARMARKED TO
ANOTHER REGION.
 Salient Features
• Rectifier Talcher, Orissa
• Inverter Kolar, Karnataka
• Distance  1370 km
• Rated Power 2000 MW
• Operating Voltage 500 kV DC
• Reduced Voltage 400 kV DC
• Overload
• Long time, 40C 1.25 pu per pole
• Half an hour 1.3 pu per pole
• Five Seconds 1.47 pu per pole
 SYSTEM CAPACITIES

BIPOLAR MODE OF OPERATION -- 2000 MW

MONO POLAR WITH GROUND RETURN --- 1000 MW

MONO POLAR WITH METALLIC RETURN MODE --- 1000 MW

DEBLOCKS EACH POLE AT P min 100 MW

POWER DEMAND AT DESIRED LEVEL

POWER RAMP RATE -- 1 – 300 MW /MIN

POWER REVERSAL IN OFF MODE

 SYSTEM CAPACITIES

OVER LOAD CAPACBILITIES

RATED POWER -- 2000 MW

LONG TIME OVER LOAD POWER – 8/10 HOURS -- 2500 MW

SHORT TIME OVER LOAD – 5 SEC- 3210 MW

HARMONIC FILTERS

AT TALCHER
TOTAL FILTERS – 14
DT 12/24 FILTERS EACH 120 MVAR - 7 NOS
DT 3/36 FILTERS EACH 97 MVAR - 4 NOS
SHUNT REACTORS 138 MVAR- 2 NOS
SHUNT CAPCITORS 138 MVAR- 1 NOS
DC FILTERS DT 12/24 & DT 12/36 – 1 No per pole.

AT KOLAR
TOTAL FILTERS – 17
DT 12/24 FILTERS EACH 120 MVAR - 8 NOS
DT 3/36 FILTERS EACH 97 MVAR - 4 NOS
SHUNT CAPCITORS 138 MVAR- 5 NOS
DC FILTERS DT 12/24 & DT 12/36 – 1 each pole
 SYSTEM CAPACITIES
– MONOPOLAR GROUND RETURN - 1000 MW POWER CAN
BE TRANSMITTED THROUGH THIS MODE WHERE THE
RETURN PATH IS THROUGH THE GROUND WHICH IS
FACILITATED THROUGH A EARTH ELECTRODE STATION
SITUATED AT ABOUT 35 KMS FROM THE TERMINALS AND
CONNECTED BY A DOUBLE CIRCUIT TRANSMISSION LINE.

– MONOPOLAR METALLIC RETURN - 1000 MW POWER CAN

BE TRANSMITTED THROUGH THIS MODE WHERE THE
RETURN PATH IS THE TRANSMISSION LINES OF OTHER
POLE.

– BALANCED BIPOLAR MODE – 2000 MW CAN BE

TRANSMITTED THROUGH THIS MODE WHERE WITH ONE
+VE AND OTHER – VE .
TALCHER-KOLAR HVDC & EHVAC SYSTEM