‘Changing one separate factor at a time’ (COST)

• Reduce time to market by 20 to 50%?

• Develop custom products quickly?
• Develop better products faster?
• Improve R&D productivity?
• Retain and rapidly reuse knowledge?
• Ease technology transfer?
• Which experiments do I run?
• How do I analyze data?
• What are the key relationships?
• What is the optimum?
• Will quality be consistent?
• Is this the best I can do?
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First statician to find a formal

mathematical methodology for design of
experiments is

Sir Ronald A. Fisher

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Applications

• Chemical process development

• Discovery chemistry applications
• Analytical and purification applications
• Biological applications
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Key definitions
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(a) (b)

Design regions for different types of design. The examples shown are for two – level designs, using three
factors (variables) and can be modelled on a cube to represent the experimental region being explored. (a)
Full factorial design (used for screening), in which each corner of the cube represents a combination of the
factors used in an experiment. A centre point is included and is usually replicated three times to determine
reproducibility and detect non – linear responses (b) Fractional factorial design (used for screening), which is
based on the full factorial design but with two of the corner points omitted to cut down on the number of the
experiments conducted © Central composite CCF design (used for response surface modelling) is derived
from the full factorial design with additional points at the centres of the faces to approximate a sphere (d)
Box – Benhken design (used for response – surface modelling) is an alternative to the CCF design, where the
centres of the cube edges are sampled again to approximate a sphere
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Contour plots
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• A contour plot is a graphical

technique for representing a 3-
dimensional surface by plotting
constant z slices, called contours, on
a 2-dimensional format. That is, given
a value for z, lines are drawn for
connecting the (x,y) coordinates
where that z value occurs.
• The contour plot is an alternative to
a 3-D surface plot
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