When we use words to communicate; whether

oral or written

When words aren’t used to communicate a

message
• According to mode:
Oral Written
• According to medium:
Electronic Print
• According to number of participants:
Dyadic Group
• According to direction:
One-way Two-way
• According to purpose:
General Business
Objectives

• To give specific directions of the job

• To make the subordinates understand the

significance of the job

• To coordinate the functions of different departments

• To appraise the subordinates

Limitations

• Under communication or over communication

• Delay
• Loss of information
• Distortion
• Filtering
• A predominantly one-way communication
(less chance of feedback)
• Built-in resistance
Objectives

• Providing feedback
• Reporting job progress
• Seeking superior’s intervention for problem-solving
• Outlet for pent-up emotions
• Constructive suggestions
• Easier introduction of new schemes
• Greater harmony and cohesion
Limitations

• Awe of authority

• Fear of adverse reaction

• Distortion and filtering

• Bypassing the superior

• Information overload
 Objectives Limitations

• Job coordination • Lack of authoritativeness

• Decision making • Rivalry among individuals

• Problem solving • Interdepartmental rivalries

• Resolving conflicts

• Sharing of ideas
 Advantages Disadvantages

• Total elimination of • Disruption of normal

delay flow of communication
• Instantaneous feedback • Non-cooperation by the
and clarification bypassed superior
• Decreased incidence of • Chaos and anarchy
distortion and dilution
• Better coordination
• Faster problem solving
 Objectives Limitations

• A safety valve • Distortion

• Organizational solidarity • Incomplete information
• Supplement of other • Damaging swiftness
channels
• Quick transmission
• Feedback