Female reproductive system

Reproductive system
 The female reproductive system(or female genital system)
 Menstrual is made up of the sex organs, tissues and hormones that
mature and function in human reproduction in women.
 The female reproductive system is immature at birth and develops to
maturity at puberty to be able to produce gametes, engage in sexual
intercourse and to carry a fetus to full term.
 The female reproductive system consists of internal sex organs,and
external sex organs known as genitalia; the vagina meets the external
organs at the vulva, which includes the labia, clitoris and urinary
meatus.
 The vagina is connected to the uterus at the cervix.
 Production of female sex hormones

The external female genitalia

perform two major functions, both
allowing the penis and thus sperm
enter (in order to fertilise an ovum)
as well as protecting the more
sensitive internal genital organs,
which can produce infection.
3 main function of external
organ
 Enabling sperm enter the body

 Protecting the internal genital

organ from infection.
.
 Providing sexual pleasure.
 External female genitalia
Vulva
The external portion of the female genital organs.
 Mons pubis
The mons pubis is the rounded portion of
the vulva where sexual hair development
occurs at the time of puberty. This area
may be described as directly anterosuperior
to the pubic symphysis.
 Labia majora
Two large , fleshy lips, or folds of the skin.
 Labia minora
Small lips that lie inside the labia majora
and sorround the openings to the urethra
and vagina.
Bartholin’s gland
Are two tiny ducts located on each side of
the opening of the vagina. It is here that the
mucus, which serves as the lubrication for
intercourse, is produced upon stimulation.
Clitoris
A small protrusion sensitive to stimulation.
Perineum
Area between the vagina and the anus.
 Urethra
 works as a tube connecting the
urinary bladder to the genitals.
 The bladder collects and stores
urine until it is ready to be
discharged through the urethra.
 The female urethra is quite a
bit shorter than its male
counterpart and its opening is
situated between a woman's
clitoris and vagina.
 Where urine comes out.
urethritis
The most common condition
involves inflammation and painful
urination
Causes vary and can include viral or
bacterial infections. Symptoms may
include frequent, urgent urination and
purulent or pus-like excretions and
discharges.
Treatments depend on the exact causes
and symptoms, but most involve
differing types of prescription
medications.
 vestibule

 This is space found between the labia

Minora in which urethral and vaginal
Orifices are located.

Vaginal orifice or hymen

 It’s round opening covered by a thin membrane
In each side of the hymen are found the bartholin’s
Glands which are analogous with the cowper’s
glands of the male. The secretion of the glands is
important for lubrication.
 Internal parts
The female internal reproductive organs are the
vagina, uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries.
 vagina
-thisis a curved canal, which extends
from the vulva to the uterus in between
the rectum and the urinary bladder. It is
very delitable during delivery. In it’s
upper part cervix protrudes. It is the
organ for copulation of the female.
 Cervix

-Is the neck of the uterus, the lower,

narrow portion where it joins with the
upper part of the vagina. It is cylindrical
or conical in shape and protrudes
through the upper anterior vaginal wall.
-Approximately half its length is visible,
the remainder lies above the vagina
beyond view. The vagina has a thick
layer outside and it is the opening where
the fetus emerges during delivery.
 UTERUS
 Uterus or womb is the major female
reproductive organ of humans. The
uterus provides mechanical protection,
nutritional support, and waste removal
for the developing embryo (weeks 1
to 8) and fetus (from week 9 until the
delivery). In addition, contractions in
the muscular wall of the uterus are
important in pushing out the fetus at
the time of birth. The uterus is a pear-
shaped muscular organ. Its major
function is to accept a fertilized ovum
which becomes implanted into the
endometrium, and derives
nourishment from blood vessels which
develop exclusively for the purpose.
The fertilized ovum becomes an
embryo, develops into a fetus and
gestates until childbirth. If the egg
does not embed in the wall of the
uterus, a female begins menstruation.
 Bicornuate uterus
A bicornuate uterus is a uterus that has
two horns and a heart shape. The uterus
has a wall inside and a partial split
outside. A bicornuate uterus is the most
common congenital uterine anomally and
can impact a woman’s reproductive
capabilities.
 Ovaries
 The ovaries are small, paired organs
located near the lateral walls of the
pelvic cavity. These organs are
responsible for the production of the
egg cells(ova) and the secretion of
hormones. The process by which the
egg cell (ovum) is released called
ovulation. The speed of ovulation is
periodic and impacts directly to the
length of a menstrual cycle.

 Fallopian tube

 The fallopian tube are the two tubes

leading from the ovaries into the
uterus.
 Serves to convey the ovum to the uterine
cavity.
 Parts of fallopian tube
1. Fimbrea
o holds the egg cell once the
ovary release the egg cell.
2. Infundibulum
o The second part (from the
opening where the fimbriae
receive the egg) of the uterine
tube is the infundibulum. It is
between the ampulla and the
fimbriae. The infundibulum
terminates with the ostium of
Fallopian tube, surrounded by
fimbriae, one of which (the
"ovarian fimbria") is attached
to the ovary. Together, the
infundibulum and fimbria find
the oocyte after ovulation.
ampulla
o The ampulla is the third portion of the
fallopian tube. It is an intermediate dilated
portion, which curves over the ovary.
o It is the most common site of human
fertilization.
o The word ampulla is from Latin for flask
isthmus
o is the narrowest and thickest
walled region of the fallopian
tube bordering on the uterus.
From the isthmus the Fallopian
tube widens into the ampulla,
which makes up the bulk of its
length.
 Menstruation
 A discharging of blood, secretion, and tissues debris from the uterus that recurs in non
pregnant breeding-age primate females at approximately monthly intervals and that is
considered to represent a readjustment of the uterus to the non pregnant state following
proliferative changes accompanying the preceding ovulation.
 Most periods last from 3 to 5 days. But, anywhere from 2 to 7 days is normal. For the
first menstruation begins, longer cycles are common.
 A woman’s cycle tends to shorten and become more regular with age.
 A cycle is counted from the first day of 1 period to the first day of the next period.
 The average menstrual cycle is 28 days long, cycles can range anywhere from 21 to 35
days in adults and from 21 to 45 days in young teens.
 The rise and fall of levels of hormones during the month control the menstrual cycle.
 The menstrual cycle involves the development of a nutrient-rich lining(the endometrium
) within a woman’s uterus that will cushion and nourish a developing fetus should
impregnation occur.
 If pregnancy does not occur, this lining is released in what is known as menstruation, or
a menstrual period.
 The ovarian cycle
Follicular phase
 The follicular phase is the first part of
the ovarian cycle. During this phase, the
ovarian follicles mature and get ready to
release an egg.

An ovary about to release an egg

 Ovulation phase
 Ovulation is the second phase of the ovarian cycle in which
a mature egg is released from the ovarian follicles into the
oviduct.

 During the follicular phase, estradiol suppresses production

of luteinizing hormone (LH) from the anterior pituitary
gland.

 When the egg has nearly matured, levels of estradiol reach

a threshold above which this effect is reversed and estrogen
stimulates the production of a large amount of LH.

 This process, known as the LH surge, starts around day 12

of the average cycle and may last 48 hours.
The Luteal Phase
 Occurs after ovulation of the mature oocyte.

 whereas the uterine cycle is divided into

menstruation, proliferative phase, and
secretory phase.
 Uterine cycle
 The Uterine cycle of menstruation starts from the first day of the menstrual period,
which is also the first day of bleeding.

 It can be divided into three distinct phases.

I. The Menstrual Phase

 This phase is also called the 'bleeding phase' or the 'menstrual period'. It usually
lasts from the 1st to the 5th day of the cycle.
 The duration of bleeding can vary from 2 days to 7 days in different women.
 Usually the flow is less on the first day, increases during the 2nd and the 3rd day
and peters off on the 4th and 5th days.
 The Proliferative Phase
 Once the menstrual bleeding stops there is a short duration of about
48 hours when the endometrium rests and repairs itself ('resting
phase'). At this time, the endometrium is disorganized and chaotic
and only about 1mm thick.
 which is a period of tissue regeneration

secretory phase
 where the arteries and glands
supplying the tissue regenerate.
 Menstrual disorders
include:
Dysmenorrhea
oPainful cramps

menorrhagia
oHeavy bleeding
 pregnancy
Also known as gravidity or gestation, is the time during which one or
more offspring
develops inside a woman. A multiple pregnancy involves more than
one offspring, such as with twins.

Pregnancy can occur by sexual intercourse or assisted reproductive

technology. It usually lasts around 40 weeks from the last menstrual
period(LMP) and ends in childbirth.

This is just over nine lunar months, where each month is about 29half
days. When measured from conception it is about 38 weeks. An
embryo is the developing offspring during the first eight weeks
following conception, after which, the term fetus is used until birth.
Symptoms of early pregnancy may include missed periods, tender
breast, nausea and vomiting, hunger, and frequent urination.
Pregnancy may be confirmed with a pregnancy test.
 Abnormalities of pregnancy
 Birth defect A BIRTH DEFECT is a problem that happens while a
baby is developing in the
mother’s body. Most BIRTH DEFECTS happen during the first 3
months of pregnancy.

 Chromosomal abnormality when an individual is missing either a

chromosome from a pair
(monosomy) or has more than two chromosomes of a pair (trisomy).

 An example of a condition caused by numerical abnormalities is down

syndrome, also
known as trisomy 21(an individual with down syndrome has three
copies of chromosome
21 rather than two)
Female reproductive