Introduction to Oracle - SQL

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speaker notes!
Donor table

The donor table contains 8 fields or columns: IDNO, NAME, STADR, CITY, STATE, ZIP,
DATEFST, YRGOAL and CONTACT. Note: the names of the fields/columns in the header below
refers to STATE as ST since the column is small and the entire name will not fit over the column.
We will cover creating tables in the next presentation.

IDNO NAME STADR CITY ST ZIP DATEFST YRGOAL CONTACT

----- --------------- --------------- ---------- -- ----- --------- --------- ------------
11111 Stephen Daniels 123 Elm St Seekonk MA 02345 03-JUL-98 500 John Smith
12121 Jennifer Ames 24 Benefit St Providence RI 02045 24-MAY-97 400 Susan Jones
22222 Carl Hersey 24 Benefit St Providence RI 02045 03-JAN-98 Susan Jones
23456 Susan Ash 21 Main St Fall River MA 02720 04-MAR-92 100 Amy Costa
33333 Nancy Taylor 26 Oak St Fall River MA 02720 04-MAR-92 50 John Adams
34567 Robert Brooks 36 Pine St Fall River MA 02720 04-APR-98 50 Amy Costa
Donor table The SELECT command is used to obtain information from a table. The listing of
information on the previous slide and below used the SELECT. SELECT is one of
the major commands used in working with SQL. There are many clauses that
accompany the SELECT that allow the developer to obtain a wide variety of
information.

FORMAT: The SELECT statement below was issued in Oracle at the SQL
prompt.
SELECT {columns) SELECT * means select all columns.
FROM {table};
The FROM clause specifies that the donor table should be
used.
The results will be the listing of all columns for all
SQL> SELECT * records/rows in the donor table. The results are shown below.

2 FROM donor;

IDNO NAME STADR CITY ST ZIP DATEFST YRGOAL CONTACT

----- --------------- --------------- ---------- -- ----- --------- --------- ------------
11111 Stephen Daniels 123 Elm St Seekonk MA 02345 03-JUL-98 500 John Smith
12121 Jennifer Ames 24 Benefit St Providence RI 02045 24-MAY-97 400 Susan Jones
22222 Carl Hersey 24 Benefit St Providence RI 02045 03-JAN-98 Susan Jones
23456 Susan Ash 21 Main St Fall River MA 02720 04-MAR-92 100 Amy Costa
33333 Nancy Taylor 26 Oak St Fall River MA 02720 04-MAR-92 50 John Adams
34567 Robert Brooks 36 Pine St Fall River MA 02720 04-APR-98 50 Amy Costa
Donor table

IDNO NAME STADR CITY ST ZIP DATEFST YRGOAL CONTACT

----- --------------- --------------- ---------- -- ----- --------- --------- ------------
11111 Stephen Daniels 123 Elm St Seekonk MA 02345 03-JUL-98 500 John Smith
12121 Jennifer Ames 24 Benefit St Providence RI 02045 24-MAY-97 400 Susan Jones
22222 Carl Hersey 24 Benefit St Providence RI 02045 03-JAN-98 Susan Jones
23456 Susan Ash 21 Main St Fall River MA 02720 04-MAR-92 100 Amy Costa
33333 Nancy Taylor 26 Oak St Fall River MA 02720 04-MAR-92 50 John Adams
34567 Robert Brooks 36 Pine St Fall River MA 02720 04-APR-98 50 Amy Costa

SQL prompt.
SQL> SELECT state, name, datefst
To select only certain 2 FROM donor;
fields/columns, the user
would write the column ST NAME DATEFST
names after the -- --------------- ---------
SELECT. The order MA Stephen Daniels 03-JUL-98
that they are written RI Jennifer Ames 24-MAY-97
determines the order of RI Carl Hersey 03-JAN-98
display. MA Susan Ash 04-MAR-92
MA Nancy Taylor 04-MAR-92
MA Robert Brooks 04-APR-98
SELECT state, name, datefst
FROM donor; 6 rows selected.

SQL>
Donor table

SQL> SELECT idno, name, yrgoal, datefst

2 FROM donor;

IDNO NAME YRGOAL DATEFST

----- --------------- --------- ---------
11111 Stephen Daniels 500 03-JUL-98
12121 Jennifer Ames 400 24-MAY-97
22222 Carl Hersey 03-JAN-98
23456 Susan Ash 100 04-MAR-92
33333 Nancy Taylor 50 04-MAR-92
34567 Robert Brooks 50 04-APR-98

6 rows selected.

SQL>

When the columns are show, numeric data is justified right and date and character data
are justified to the left. In this table, IDNO is character, NAME is character, YRGOAL is
numeric and DATEFST is date. Notice that YRGOAL is justified right, while IDNO,
NAME and DATEFST are justified left..
Donor table
COLUMN ALIAS

SQL> SELECT idno "ID #", name "Donor Name", datefst as "1st Gave"
2 FROM donor;

ID # Donor Name 1st Gave

----- --------------- ---------
11111 Stephen Daniels 03-JUL-98 A column alias may be used by the developer.
12121 Jennifer Ames 24-MAY-97 The alias will show up as the header, it will
22222 Carl Hersey 03-JAN-98 not effect the name of the data.
23456 Susan Ash 04-MAR-92
33333 Nancy Taylor 04-MAR-92 If the alias is two words or a change it case, it
34567 Robert Brooks 04-APR-98 must be enclosed in quotes.
Note that the comma is used between
6 rows selected. field/column names, there is no comma
between the field name and the column alias.
Note also the optional word AS between
column name and column alias as shown
below.

SQL> SELECT idno AS "ID #", name AS "Donor Name", datefst AS "1st Gave"
2 FROM donor;
Donation table

The donation table is another sample table we will be looking at. It

contains the information about donations that were made. The
fields/columns are IDNO, DRIVENO, CONTDATE and CONTAMT.

IDNO DRI CONTDATE CONTAMT

----- --- --------- ---------
11111 100 07-JAN-99 25
12121 200 23-FEB-99 40
23456 100 03-MAR-99 20
33333 300 10-MAR-99 10
22222 100 14-MAR-99 10
12121 100 04-JUN-99 50
11111 200 12-JUN-99 35
23456 300 14-JUN-99 10

8 rows selected.

SQL statement used to generate the

display above. SQL> SELECT *
2 FROM donation;
Donation table

SQL> SELECT idno, driveno, contamt, contamt * 2 "NEW GOAL"

2 FROM donation;

IDNO DRI CONTAMT NEW GOAL

----- --- --------- ---------
11111 100 25 50
12121 200 40 80
23456 100 20 40
33333 300 10 20
22222 100 10 20
12121 100 50 100
11111 200 35 70
23456 300 10 20
In this example, I want to print three
8 rows selected. fields/columns from the donation table
and also the project goal for next year
which I have determined is twice the
amount donated this year.
Note: The field alias NEW GOAL is
given to the column that will contain the
contamt *2.
Donor table

IDNO NAME STADR CITY ST ZIP DATEFST YRGOAL CONTACT

----- --------------- --------------- ---------- -- ----- --------- --------- ------------
11111 Stephen Daniels 123 Elm St Seekonk MA 02345 03-JUL-98 500 John Smith
12121 Jennifer Ames 24 Benefit St Providence RI 02045 24-MAY-97 400 Susan Jones
22222 Carl Hersey 24 Benefit St Providence RI 02045 03-JAN-98 Susan Jones
23456 Susan Ash 21 Main St Fall River MA 02720 04-MAR-92 100 Amy Costa
33333 Nancy Taylor 26 Oak St Fall River MA 02720 04-MAR-92 50 John Adams
34567 Robert Brooks 36 Pine St Fall River MA 02720 04-APR-98 50 Amy Costa

Note the NULL value in YRGOAL. Null

values are not the same as zero or space, it
is the absence of data.

SQL> SELECT idno, yrgoal, (yrgoal +50)/4 "QUARTERLY GOAL"

2 FROM donor;

IDNO YRGOAL QUARTERLY GOAL

Notice that no results are returned
----- --------- --------------
when the field is null or when the
11111 500 137.5
null field is used in a calculation.
12121 400 112.5
22222
23456 100 37.5
33333 50 25
34567 50 25

6 rows selected.
Donor table

In this example, city is concatenated with a comma

followed by a space which is concatenated with The city is concatenated
state. The column alias of CITY, STATE appears with a comma and a
over the resulting column. space: city || ‘, ’.
Then this is concatenated
SQL> SELECT city || ', ' || state "CITY, STATE" with state: ||state.
2 FROM donor; The result is one field
containing city and state.
CITY, STATE
--------------
Seekonk, MA
Providence, RI Note that the address that is shown is one field.
Providence, RI The city is concatenated with the commas and
Fall River, MA space that is enclosed in single quotes and then
Fall River, MA concatenated with the state. That results in one
Fall River, MA field or column.

6 rows selected. Note also that the literals that are concatenated
with the data are enclosed in single quotes. In this
example, the literals are comma plus a space.
Command shown
again for clarity.
SQL> SELECT city || ', ' || state "CITY, STATE"
2 FROM donor;
Donor table

11111 Stephen Daniels 123 Elm St Seekonk MA 02345 03-JUL-98 500 John Smith
12121 Jennifer Ames 24 Benefit St Providence RI 02045 24-MAY-97 400 Susan Jones
22222 Carl Hersey 24 Benefit St Providence RI 02045 03-JAN-98 Susan Jones
23456 Susan Ash 21 Main St Fall River MA 02720 04-MAR-92 100 Amy Costa
33333 Nancy Taylor 26 Oak St Fall River MA 02720 04-MAR-92 50 John Adams
34567 Robert Brooks 36 Pine St Fall River MA 02720 04-APR-98 50 Amy Costa

SQL> SELECT DISTINCT contact

2 FROM donor; In this case Amy Costa appears twice
in the data as does Susan Jones.
CONTACT However since we only want distinct
------------ occurrences they appear only once in
Amy Costa the results of the SELECT.
John Adams
John Smith
SQL> SELECT DISTINCT contact, idno, name
Susan Jones
2 FROM donor;

CONTACT IDNO NAME

Note that DISTINCT did not
------------ ----- ---------------
work when combined with other
Amy Costa 23456 Susan Ash
data fields from the
Amy Costa 34567 Robert Brooks
records/rows.
John Adams 33333 Nancy Taylor
John Smith 11111 Stephen Daniels
Susan Jones 12121 Jennifer Ames
Susan Jones 22222 Carl Hersey
Donor table
SQL> SELECT idno, name, yrgoal
2 FROM donor
3 ORDER BY yrgoal;
The ORDER BY clause shows the data in
order by the specified field/column. IDNO NAME YRGOAL
Ascending is the default order. ----- --------------- ---------
Note that the record where yrgoal is NULL 33333 Nancy Taylor 50
appears at the bottom of the list. 34567 Robert Brooks 50
23456 Susan Ash 100
12121 Jennifer Ames 400
11111 Stephen Daniels 500
22222 Carl Hersey

SQL> SELECT idno, name, yrgoal 6 rows selected.

2 FROM donor
3 ORDER BY yrgoal DESC;

IDNO NAME YRGOAL Placing DESC after the name in the

----- --------------- --------- ORDER BY clause, sorts in
22222 Carl Hersey descending order.
11111 Stephen Daniels 500
12121 Jennifer Ames 400 Note that the record where yrgoal is
23456 Susan Ash 100 NULL now appears at the top of the
33333 Nancy Taylor 50 list.
34567 Robert Brooks 50

6 rows selected.
Donor table

The results here include a calculation of quarterly goal. This calculation is also used as the
secondary sort.
The primary sort puts the results in order by state in descending order so RI comes before MA.
The secondary sort puts the results in ascending order by the calculated quarterly goal within
the state.

SQL> SELECT idno, name, city, state, (yrgoal +50)/4 "QUARTERLY GOAL"
2 FROM donor
3 ORDER BY state DESC, (yrgoal + 50)/4 ASC;

IDNO NAME CITY ST QUARTERLY GOAL Total for RI in

----- --------------- ---------- -- -------------- ascending
12121 Jennifer Ames Providence RI 112.5 order (null at
22222 Carl Hersey Providence RI end).
33333 Nancy Taylor Fall River MA 25 Total for MA
34567 Robert Brooks Fall River MA 25 in ascending
23456 Susan Ash Fall River MA 37.5 order.
11111 Stephen Daniels Seekonk MA 137.5

6 rows selected.