05.

Biomedical Control System:

Feedback & Homeostasis

EB2101- Dasar Teknik Biomedis

Program Studi Teknik Biomedis - Sekolah Teknik Elektro & Informatika
Institut Teknologi Bandung
 Control System Terminology

• Input - Excitation applied to a control system from an

external source.
• Output - The response obtained from a system
• Feedback - The output of a system that is returned to modify
the input.
• Error - The difference between the reference input and the
output.
 Negative Feedback Control System

+
+ + CONTROLLED
CONTROLLER DEVICE
-

FEEDBACK
ELEMENT
 Types of Control Systems

øOpen-Loop
• Simple control system which performs its function with-out concerns
for initial conditions or external inputs.
• Must be closely monitored.
øClosed-Loop (feedback)
• Uses the output of the process to modify the process to produce the
desired result.
• Continually adjusts the process.
 Advantages of a Closed-Loop Feedback System

ø Increased Accuracy
• Increased ability to reproduce output with varied input.
ø Reduced Sensitivity to Disturbance
• By self correcting it minimizes effects of system changes.
ø Smoothing and Filtering
• System induced noise and distortion are reduced.
ø Increased Bandwidth
• Produces sat. response to increased range of input changes.
 Major Types of Feedback Used

øPosition Feedback
• Used when the output is a linear distance or angular measurement.
øRate & Acceleration Feedback
• Feeds back rate of motion or rate of change of motion (acceleration)
• Motion smoothing
• Uses a electrical/mechanical device call an accelerometer
Idle-speed control system
Sun-tracking control system
 High gain; fast but oscillating

Response of a
position
control system
showing effect
of high and low
controller gain
on the output
response
Control goal; fast reaction, lower
overshoot, less settling time
 The control system design process

Norman Nisse, Control System Engineering, 6th edition

Aircraft attitude defined
 WHAT IS HOMEOSTASIS?

• the maintenance of a
constant internal
environment in response
to changes in:
– the changing conditions of
the external environment.
– the changing conditions of
the internal environment.
HOW IS HOMEOSTASIS ACHIEVED?

functional:
the metabolism of the animal or plant is
able to adjust to changes in conditions as
they are detected.
HOW IS HOMEOSTASIS ACHIEVED?

behavioral:
the actions and interactions of the
individual, either alone or with others,
help it to survive in its particular
environment.
 FEEDBACK MECHANISMS

Feedback mechanisms are the general

mechanism of nervous or hormonal
regulation in animals.

• Negative feedback is when the response

diminishes the original stimulus.

• Positive feedback is when the response

enhances the original stimulus.
 FEEDBACK LOOPS

• Feedback mechanisms have certain essential

components.

• Stimulus: The change from ideal or resting

conditions.
• Receptor: The cells or tissue which detects
the change due to the stimulus.
• Relay: The transmission of the message, via
nerves or hormones or both, to the effector.
 FEEDBACK LOOPS
• Effector: The cells or tissue, usually a gland or
muscles, which cause the response to happen.
• Response: An action, at cell, tissue or whole
organism level which would not have occurred
in the absence of the stimulus.
• Feedback: The consequence of the response
on the stimulus. May be positive or negative.
 Negative Feedback
Most common in
biomedical system
Positive Feedback
 Negative Feedback Control in
Homeostasis
• Primary mechanism for maintaining homeostasis
• External change  triggers change in regulated
variable in internal environment  triggers
reaction to oppose the change and return
regulated variable toward normal (set point)

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education,

Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
 Negative Feedback Mechanisms
• Set point:
desired level of regulated variable
• Stimulus:
signal that cues the start of the regulating mechanism
• Sensors:
detect level of regulated variable, provide input to integrating center
• Integrating center:
– compares set point to actual level of regulated variable
– sends output to effectors to return regulated variable toward set point
• Error signal:
difference between actual level and set point
• Effector:
organ that perform the action of returning regulated variable toward a set
point Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education,
Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Negative Feedback Control of Car
Speed

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education,

Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
 Examples of Negative Feedback
• Blood glucose
concentrations rise after a
sugary meal (the stimulus),
• the hormone insulin is
released and it speeds up
the transport of glucose out
of the blood and into
selected tissues (the
response),
• so blood glucose
concentrations decrease
(thus decreasing the original
stimulus).
 Examples of Negative Feedback
• Exercise creates metabolic heat
which raises the body
temperature (the stimulus),
• cooling mechanisms such as
vasodilatation (flushed skin)
and sweating begin (the
response),
• body temperature falls (thus
decreasing the original
stimulus).
Negative Feedback Control of Body
Temperature

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education,

Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Negative Feedback Loop

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education,

Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Components of Thermoregulatory
System
– Thermoregulatory system maintains core
body temperature
– Detectors - thermoreceptors (central and
peripheral)
– Integrator - hypothalamus
– Effectors - sweat glands, blood vessels in
skin, skeletal muscles

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education,

Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Negative Feedback Control of Body
Temperature

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education,

Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Thermoregulation

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education,

Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
 Examples of Positive Feedback
• A baby begins to suckle her
mother's nipple and a few drops
of milk are released (the
stimulus).
• This encourages the baby and
releases a hormone in the
mother which further stimulates
the release of milk (the
response).
• The hungry baby continues to
suckle, stimulating more milk
release until she stops.
 Examples of Positive Feedback
• A ripening apple releases the
volatile plant hormone ethylene
(the stimulus).
• Ethylene accelerates the ripening
of unripe fruit in its vicinity so
nearby fruit also ripens, releasing
more ethylene (the response).
• All the fruit quickly becomes ripe
together.
Positive Feedback Loop

Positive feedback loops

cause a rapid change in a
variable.

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education,

Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.