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 What is Leadership?

 How leaders behave?

 Leadership Theories
The Fielder Model
 Path Goal Theory
 Situational Leadership Theory
 Leader Participation Theory
 Summary
 What is Leadership?

Leadership
The ability to
influence a group
toward the
achievement of
common goals.
Leader behavior to achieve goals?

• Challenge the process

• Inspire a shared vision

• Enable others to act

• Model the way

• Encourage the heart

 Theories of leadership

 Trait Theory
 Behavioral Theory
 Contingency Theories of leadership
• Fiedler Model
• Path goal Theory
• Hersey and Blanchard Theory
• Leader Participative Theory
 Fiedler Model

•Introduced by Fred Fiedler.

•What is Fiedler Model?

“A leadership theory that proposes

effective group performance depended on
the proper match between a leader’s style
of interacting with his or her followers and
the degree to which the situation allowed
the leader to control and influence”.
 The Least-Preferred Co-worker
Questionnaire (LPC)
To measure a leader’s style, Fiedler develop
the Least-Preferred Co-worker Questionnaire
(LPC).
This questionnaire contained sixteen pairs of
contrasting adjectives:

Examples:- pleasant - unpleasant

friendly - unfriendly.

Task oriented Relationship oriented

(low LPC) (high LPC)
 Key Situational Factors
Leader- Member Relationships: the degree of
confidence , trust and respect employees had for their
leader: rated as either good or poor

Task Structure: the degree to which job

assignment were formalized and
procedurized : rated as either high or low

Position Power: the degree of influence a leader

had over power-based activities such as hiring,
firing, promotion : rated as either strong to weak
 Findings of the Fiedler Model

Good
Task Oriented
Performance

Relationship Oriented

Poor
Favourable Moderate Unfavourable
Category i ii iii iv v vi vii viii
Leader - Good Good Good Good Poor Poor Poor Poor
Member
relationships
Task High High Low Low High High Low Low
structute Strong Weak Strong Weak Strong Weak Strong Weak
Position
power
 Ups and Downs of Fiedler Model
Up side
• Lots of empirical research, supports the model
• shifted the focus towards the leadership context
• It's predictive.

Down side
• Doesn't explain how a leader's LPC score affects group
performance.
• The model neglects medium LPC scores.
• Difficult to identify the situational variables and the
leadership style.
• It doesn't explain what an organization has to do, or
need to do when a leader style doesn't match the
situational variables.
 Path Goal Theory

The theory that a leader’s behavior

is acceptable to subordinates
insofar as they view it as a source
of either immediate or future
satisfaction.

(Developed by Robert House)

 Robert House identified four
leadership behaviors.

 Directive leader

 Supportive leader

 Participative leader

 Achievement- oriented leader

 Path-Goal Theory
Environmental
contingency factors

 Task structure
 Formal authority system
 Work group
Leader behavior Outcomes

 Directive  Performance
 Participative  Satisfaction
 Achievement
oriented
Subordinate
 Supportive contingency factors

 Locus of control
 Experience
 Perceived ability
 Ups and downs of the path goal
theory
Up side

•What leadership style is the goal of the theory

•Motivational factors Consideration
•It is practical

Down side

•Broad scope
•Not clear on leader behavior-worker motivation
•A one way direction
 Hersey and Blanchard’s
Situational Leadership Theory
(SLT)

By
Paul Hersey
Ken Blanchard

SLT is a situational leadership theory that

focus on followers’ readiness. That is
successful leadership is achieved by
selecting the right leadership style, which
is contingent on the level of the followers’
readiness.
 Components of the Theory

Four specific leadership styles

Telling - High task and low relationship
Selling - High task and high relationship
Participating - Low task and high relationship
Delegating - Low task and low relationship
Four stages of followers’ readiness
R1 - Unable and unwilling
R2 - Unable and willing
R3 - Able and unwilling
R4 - Able and willing
 Hersey and Blanchard’s
Situational Leadership Model
Style of leader
High relationship High task and
and low task High relationship
High High Moderate Low

R3
Relationship R4 R2 R1
behavior
Able Able Unable Unable
And and And And
willing unwilli willing unwilling
ng

Follower readiness
Low High
Task Behavior

Low relationship High task and low

and low task relationship
 Ups and downs of the theory
The up side
 IT is prescriptive. It tells us what or what not to do
in different situations.
 Emphasizes the leader’s feasibility.
 It is easy to understand.

The down side

The model does not take in to account demographic
variables.
Ambiguous conceptualization of development level.
 A not too broad theory.
 Leader Participative Model

Contributors: Victor Vroom

Philip Yetton

Leadership theory that provides a set of

rules to determine the form and amount of
participative decision making in different
situations
 Types of participative leadership
behavior
Consultin Consulting
g with with
groups individuals

Asking for
options Participative Obtaining
about Leadership Behaviors Information from
alternatives followers

Joint decision
making with Delegation
followers
 Degree of participation

Autocratic Consensus/Group Delegation

Decision Consultation
decision

Low Influence by followers High

 Skills ,traits and sources of power for
effective participative leadership

Self monitoring skills Listening skills

Conflict management
Skills, Traits and Sources of Assertiveness skills
skills
power or Effective
Participative
Leadership

Expert power
Legitimate skills

Resource/Connection
power
 Advantages of
participative leadership

Followers benefits
•Followers satisfied working with leader
•Followers motivation is increased

Group or organizational benefits

•Improved the quality of decision making.
•Increased performance of group.
•Smoother implementation of decisions
•Less resistance to change
 Summary

What is Leadership?
How leaders behave?
Leadership Theories
The Fielder Model
Path Goal Theory
Situational Leadership Theory
Leader Participation Theory