Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Differentiated
Instruction in the
Classroom
DR. ALEJANDRO P. MACADATAR
DepEd Regional Supervisor
Lecturer
International Seminar on Differentiated Instruction August 2-4, 2019 @Cagayan de Oro City
Objectives
At the end of this session, you should be able to:
describe, identify, and explain significant ideas
related to differentiated instruction;
articulate how classroom instructions can be
differentiated across three critical (content,
process, product) elements;
apply several strategies in differentiating
instruction; and
Identify things to consider when implementing
differentiation at the classroom.
International Seminar on Differentiated Instruction August 2-4, 2019 @Cagayan de Oro City
Methodologies
Lecture-Discussion
Workshop
Demonstration
Teaching
Group/Individual
Sharing
International Seminar on Differentiated Instruction August 2-4, 2019 @Cagayan de Oro City
Setting of Expectations & Norms
International Seminar on Differentiated Instruction August 2-4, 2019 @Cagayan de Oro City
Classroom Management
International Seminar on Differentiated Instruction August 2-4, 2019 @Cagayan de Oro City
International Seminar on Differentiated Instruction August 2-4, 2019 @Cagayan de Oro City
Credit: United Way of Columbia-Williamette
International Seminar on Differentiated Instruction August 2-4, 2019 @Cagayan de Oro City
What is Differentiated Instruction?
According to Carol Ann Tomlinson,
is factoring students’ individual learning styles and
levels of readiness first before designing a lesson
plan..
may mean teaching the same material to all
students using a variety of instructional strategies,
or it may require the teacher to deliver lessons at
varying levels of difficulty based on the ability of
each student.
International Seminar on Differentiated Instruction August 2-4, 2019 @Cagayan de Oro City
What Is Differentiation?
A teacher’s response to learner
needs
The recognition of students’
varying background knowledge
and preferences
Instruction that appeals to
students’ differences
International Seminar on Differentiated Instruction August 2-4, 2019 @Cagayan de Oro City
Teachers Can Differentiate
According to Students’
Learning
Readiness Interest
Profile
International Seminar on Differentiated Instruction August 2-4, 2019 @Cagayan de Oro City
Adapted from The Differentiated Classroom: Responding to the Needs of All Learners (Tomlinson, 1999).
Key Principles of a Differentiated Classroom
The teacher is clear about what
matters in subject matter.
The teacher understands,
appreciates, and builds upon student
differences.
Assessment and instruction are
inseparable.
The teacher adjusts content, process,
and product in response to student
readiness, interests, and learning
profile.
International Seminar on Differentiated Instruction August 2-4, 2019 @Cagayan de Oro City
Key Principles of a Differentiated Classroom
All students participate in
respectful work.
Students and teachers are
collaborators in learning.
Goals of a differentiated
classroom are maximum growth
and individual success.
Flexibility is the hallmark of a
differentiated classroom.
International Seminar on Differentiated Instruction August 2-4, 2019 @Cagayan de Oro City
Causes Why Students Fail in their Classes
15.68627451
Teacher fails to facilitate learning within the allotted time
8
3.921568627
Teacher fails to fix the skills of the leasson
2
25.49019608
Teacher uses one assessment tool for all types of learners
13
9.803921569
Teacher teaches without Instructional Materials
5
45.09803922
Teacher uses one teaching style for all learners
23
Teachers are
comfortable
with Teachers are
traditional They lack
afraid of
methods resources
exploring new
things
International Seminar on Differentiated Instruction August 2-4, 2019 @Cagayan de Oro City
What Teachers Must Do to Develop the
learners Skills ?
1.We must maintain student
interest by helping them how ,
what they are learning
prepares them for life in the real
world.
(by : Ian Smith, A Day in the Life of a Student)
International Seminar on Differentiated Instruction August 2-4, 2019 @Cagayan de Oro City
What Teachers Must Do to Develop the
learners Skills ?
2. We must instill curiosity, which is
fundamental to lifelong learning.
3.We must be flexible in how we teach.
4. We must excite learners to become
even more resourceful so that they will
continue to learn outside the formal
school.(by : Ian Smith, A Day in the Life of a Student)
International Seminar on Differentiated Instruction August 2-4, 2019 @Cagayan de Oro City
Principle of Teaching & Learning #7
Learning is an active process in which
the learner uses sensory input and
constructs meaning out of it.
Learning is not the passive acceptance
of knowledge which exists ‘out there’
but that learning involves the learner’s
engaging with the world.
G. Hein, 1991
International Seminar on Differentiated Instruction August 2-4, 2019 @Cagayan de Oro City
Research Findings
Supporting DI?
International Seminar on Differentiated Instruction August 2-4, 2019 @Cagayan de Oro City
A Dissertation of Bryann E. Scott on the
Effectiveness of Differentiated Instruction in
the Elementary Mathematics Classroom in
Munchie, India disclosed the following:
International Seminar on Differentiated Instruction August 2-4, 2019 @Cagayan de Oro City
Research Findings
Students with a higher academic ability
benefited significantly with opportunity to
be challenged at a higher level
A teacher can differentiate instruction in
many ways in various subjects.
Instruction can be differentiated based on
a student‘s readiness, learning profile, or
interest by varying the content, process, or
product (Tomlinson, 2001).
International Seminar on Differentiated Instruction August 2-4, 2019 @Cagayan de Oro City
Research Findings
The main strategies utilized are
compacting, independent
projects, interest centers or interest
groups, tiered assignments,
flexible grouping, learning centers,
varying questions, mentorships,
anchoring activities, and learning
contracts.
International Seminar on Differentiated Instruction August 2-4, 2019 @Cagayan de Oro City
Research Findings
A qualitative study by Carol Tieso
(2001) indicated that students in a
differentiated classroom setting can
become more engaged, motivated,
and excited about learning if the
curriculum is authentic and
meaningful and if appropriate learning
goals are provided.
International Seminar on Differentiated Instruction August 2-4, 2019 @Cagayan de Oro City
Research Findings
Sternberg (1995) & Grigorenko (1997)
found out that thinking styles were
shown to impact how much a student
learned; students were more positively
evaluated by and received better
grades from teachers who matched
their styles than those who did not.
International Seminar on Differentiated Instruction August 2-4, 2019 @Cagayan de Oro City
Research Findings
George (2005) supports differentiated
instruction linked with public education and the
mixed-ability classrooms in today‘s schools. The
mixed-ability classroom is a reflection of the
variety in American society. He goes on to
argue that gifted and talented students will not
be challenged and will not reach their potential
or will become behavior problems due to
boredom in the classroom
International Seminar on Differentiated Instruction August 2-4, 2019 @Cagayan de Oro City
In a Master’s thesis of Pablo Rojo in
Bozeman, Montana “Studying the
Effects of Differentiated Instruction in
the Science Classroom further
revealed the following:
International Seminar on Differentiated Instruction August 2-4, 2019 @Cagayan de Oro City
Research Findings
Differentiated instruction (DI) is a
system that provides students with
different avenues for acquiring
course content so that all the
students within a classroom can learn
effectively, regardless of differences
in ability
International Seminar on Differentiated Instruction August 2-4, 2019 @Cagayan de Oro City
Research Findings
International Seminar on Differentiated Instruction August 2-4, 2019 @Cagayan de Oro City
Enhancing Your
Instructional Skills
Through
Differentiation
International Seminar on Differentiated Instruction August 2-4, 2019 @Cagayan de Oro City
Why Differentiate?
Highlights on Tape
Digests/ “Cliff Notes”
Note-taking Organizers
Varied Texts
Varied Supplementary Materials
Highlighted Texts
Think-Pair-Share/Preview-Midview-Postview
International Seminar on Differentiated Instruction August 2-4, 2019 @Cagayan de Oro City
Differentiating Process
(making sense and meaning of content)
1. Tiered Instruction
Changing the level of complexity
or required readiness of a task or
unit of study in order to meet the
developmental needs of the
students involved.
International Seminar on Differentiated Instruction August 2-4, 2019 @Cagayan de Oro City
Tiering
Key Concept
Or
Understanding
International Seminar on Differentiated Instruction August 2-4, 2019 @Cagayan de Oro City
What Can Be Tiered?
International Seminar on Differentiated Instruction August 2-4, 2019 @Cagayan de Oro City
What Can We Adjust?
Level of complexity
Amount of structure
Pacing
Materials
Concrete to abstract
Options based on student interests
Options based on learning styles
International Seminar on Differentiated Instruction August 2-4, 2019 @Cagayan de Oro City
Tiering Instruction
1. Identify the standards, concepts, or
generalizations you want the
students to learn.
2. Decide if students have the
background necessary to be
successful with the lesson.
3. Assess the students’ readiness,
interests, and learning profiles.
International Seminar on Differentiated Instruction August 2-4, 2019 @Cagayan de Oro City
Tiering Instructions
4. Create an activity or project that is clearly
focused on the standard, concept or
generalization of the lesson.
5. Adjust the activity to provide different
levels or tiers of difficulty that will lead all
students to an understanding.
6. Develop an assessment component for
the lesson. Remember, it is on-going!
International Seminar on Differentiated Instruction August 2-4, 2019 @Cagayan de Oro City
Developing a Tiered Activity
1
Select the activity organizer 2 Think about your students/use assessments
•concept Essential to building
•generalization a framework of • readiness range
skills
understanding reading
• interests thinking
• learning profile information
• talents
3
Create an activity that is
• interesting 4
• high level High skill/
• causes students to use Chart the Complexity
key skill(s) to understand complexity of
a key idea the activity
Low skill/
complexity
5
Clone the activity along the ladder as
needed to ensure challenge and success
for your students, in
• materials – basic to advanced 6
• form of expression – from familiar to
unfamiliar Match task to student based on
• from personal experience to removed
from personal experience
student profile and task
• equalizer requirements
International Seminar on Differentiated Instruction August 2-4, 2019 @Cagayan de Oro City
Differentiated Instruction Strategies:
Tiered Assignments
By: Janelle Cox
Janelle Cox is an education writer
who uses her experience and
knowledge to provide creative and
original writing in the field of education.
Janelle holds a Master's of Science in
Education from the State University of
New York College at Buffalo.
International Seminar on Differentiated Instruction August 2-4, 2019 @Cagayan de Oro City
Six main ways to structure tiered assignments
1. Challenge Level
Tiering can be based on challenge level where student
groups will tackle different assignments altogether.
For example:
Group 1: Students who need content reinforcement or
practice will complete one activity that
helps build understanding.
Group 2: Students who have a firm understanding will
complete another activity that extends what they already
know.
International Seminar on Differentiated Instruction August 2-4, 2019 @Cagayan de Oro City
2. Complexity
When you tier assignments by complexity, you are
addressing the needs of students who are at
different levels using the same assignment.
You can direct your students to create a poster on
a specific issue—recycling and environmental care,
for instance—but one group will focus on a singular
perspective, while the other will consider several
points of view and present an argument for or
against each angle.
International Seminar on Differentiated Instruction August 2-4, 2019 @Cagayan de Oro City
3. Outcome
Tiering assignments by differentiated
outcome is vaguely similar to complexity—
all of your students will use the same
materials, but depending on their
readiness levels, will actually have a
different outcome.
International Seminar on Differentiated Instruction August 2-4, 2019 @Cagayan de Oro City
4. Process
This differentiated instruction
strategy is exactly what it sounds
like—student groups will use
different processes to achieve
similar outcomes based upon
readiness.
International Seminar on Differentiated Instruction August 2-4, 2019 @Cagayan de Oro City
5. Product
Tiered assignments can also be
differentiated based on product.
International Seminar on Differentiated Instruction August 2-4, 2019 @Cagayan de Oro City
Resources
Tiering resources means that you are matching
project materials to student groups based on
readiness or instructional need. One flexible group
may use a magazine while another may use a
traditional textbook.
International Seminar on Differentiated Instruction August 2-4, 2019 @Cagayan de Oro City
Strategies to Make Differentiation Work
2. Anchoring Activities
These are activities that a student may do
at any time when they have completed
their present assignment or when the
teacher is busy with other students. They
may relate to specific needs or
enrichment opportunities, including
problems to solve or journals to write. They
could also be part of a long term project.
International Seminar on Differentiated Instruction August 2-4, 2019 @Cagayan de Oro City
International Seminar on Differentiated Instruction August 2-4, 2019 @Cagayan de Oro City
Strategies to Make Differentiation Work
3. Flexible Grouping
This allows students to be appropriately
challenged and avoids labeling a
student’s readiness as a static state. It is
important to permit movement
between groups because interest
changes as we move from one subject
to another
International Seminar on Differentiated Instruction August 2-4, 2019 @Cagayan de Oro City
Flexible Grouping
Homogenous/Ability
• Cluster students of similar abilities, level, learning style,, or
interest
• Usually based on some type of pre-assessment
Heterogeneous Groups
• Different abilities, levels or interest
• Good for promoting creative thinking
Whole Class
* Efficient way to present new content
International Seminar on Differentiated Instruction August 2-4, 2019 @Cagayan de Oro City
* Use for initial instruction
International Seminar on Differentiated Instruction August 2-4, 2019 @Cagayan de Oro City
Strategies to Make Differentiation Work
4. Compacting Curriculum
Compacting the curriculum means
assessing a student’s knowledge
and skills, and providing alternative
activities for the student who has
already mastered curriculum
content.
International Seminar on Differentiated Instruction August 2-4, 2019 @Cagayan de Oro City
Designing a Differentiated Learning Contract
A Learning Contract has the following components
1. A Skills Component
Focus is on skills-based tasks
Assignments are based on pre-assessment of students’ readiness
Students work at their own level and pace
2. A content component
Focus is on applying, extending, or enriching key content (ideas, understandings)
Requires sense making and production
Assignment is based on readiness or interest
3. A Time Line
Teacher sets completion date and check-in requirements
Students select order of work (except for required meetings and homework)
4. The Agreement
The teacher agrees to let students have freedom to plan their time
Students agree to use the time responsibly
Guidelines for working are spelled out
Consequences foronineffective
International Seminar use ofAugust
Differentiated Instruction freedom are delineated
2-4, 2019 @Cagayan de Oro City
Signatures of the teacher, student and parent (if appropriate) are placed on the agreement
For emphasis
International Seminar on Differentiated Instruction August 2-4, 2019 @Cagayan de Oro City
What Differentiation Is …
Student Centered
Best practices
Multiple
Different approaches to
approaches content, process,
3 or 4 different and product
activities A way of thinking
and planning
Flexible grouping
International Seminar on Differentiated Instruction August 2-4, 2019 @Cagayan de Oro City
What Differentiation Isn’t
Consideration of student
differences
Use of assessment
Use of student interest and
learning style
International Seminar on Differentiated Instruction August 2-4, 2019 @Cagayan de Oro City
Comparing Traditional and
Differentiated Classrooms (continued)
Instructional format
Assignment options
Factors guiding instruction
International Seminar on Differentiated Instruction August 2-4, 2019 @Cagayan de Oro City
Differentiation Strategies
International Seminar on Differentiated Instruction August 2-4, 2019 @Cagayan de Oro City
Examples of Differentiation Strategies
Choice Boards
Tiered Activities
Learning Contracts
International Seminar on Differentiated Instruction August 2-4, 2019 @Cagayan de Oro City
Diner Menu – Photosynthesis
Dessert (Optional)
•Create a test to assess the teacher’s knowledge of
photosynthesis.
International Seminar on Differentiated Instruction August 2-4, 2019 @Cagayan de Oro City
THINK-TAC-TOE
Book Report
Draw a picture of Perform a play that Write a song about
the main character. shows the conclusion of one of the main
a story. events.
Write a poem about Make a poster that Dress up as your
two main events in shows the order of favorite character and
the story. events in the story. perform a speech
telling who you are.
Create a Venn Write two paragraphs Write two paragraphs
diagram comparing about the main about the setting.
and contrasting the character.
introduction to the
International Seminar on Differentiated Instruction August 2-4, 2019 @Cagayan de Oro City
closing.
Tiered Activity – Writing a Persuasive Essay
4th–6th Grade Classroom
Beginning Intermediate Advanced
Outcome/ Students will determine a Students will determine a topic, state Students will determine a topic, state
Objective topic and will write a five- a point of view, and write two a point of view, and write an essay of
sentence paragraph with a paragraphs defending that point of at least five paragraphs that uses
main idea, three supporting view. multiple sources to defend that point
sentences, and a concluding of view.
sentence.
Instruction/ Students will receive a model Students will receive a model of a Students will review the graphic
Activity of a five-sentence paragraph persuasive essay and a graphic organizer for a persuasive essay.
and explicit instruction in organizer that explains the Students will be given explicit
constructing the paragraph. construction of a persuasive essay. instruction in locating sources and
As a prewriting activity, Students will also receive explicit quotes for their essays. As a
students will list their topic and instruction in writing a persuasive prewriting activity, students will use
develop a list of at least three essay. the graphic organizer to organize their
things that support their topic. As a prewriting activity, students will essay. Students will also compile a
use the graphic organizer to plan list of five sources that defend their
their writing. main point.
Assessment Students will be able to write a Students will be able to state a point Students will be able to write a five-
five-sentence paragraph that of view and successfully defend the paragraph essay that states a point of
successfully states and idea using two paragraphs that view, defends the point of view, and
supports a main idea. The defend the point of view using main uses resources to support the point of
paragraph will meet
International the
Seminar on ideasAugust
Differentiated Instruction and2-4,
supporting details.
2019 @Cagayan de Oro CityThe view. The essay will meet the criteria
criteria on the state writing paragraphs will meet the criteria on on the state writing rubric.
rubric. the state writing rubric.
Learning Contract #1
Name _______________________
International Seminar on Differentiated Instruction August 2-4, 2019 @Cagayan de Oro City
Learning Contract #2
International Seminar on Differentiated Instruction August 2-4, 2019 @Cagayan de Oro City
Presentation of
Outputs
International Seminar on Differentiated Instruction August 2-4, 2019 @Cagayan de Oro City
What did you find easy/challenging in doing the
activity? Why?
What new insights have you gained from this
whole session?
If you will differentiate your instruction, how will you
do it?
Why is it critical to tier the activities that we give to
students?
What challenges do you foresee in implementing
differentiated instruction in your class? How do you
intend to address these challenges?
International Seminar on Differentiated Instruction August 2-4, 2019 @Cagayan de Oro City
End of Day 1
International Seminar on Differentiated Instruction August 2-4, 2019 @Cagayan de Oro City
What is the major
challenge that a teacher
should face when using
DI?
International Seminar on Differentiated Instruction August 2-4, 2019 @Cagayan de Oro City
International Seminar on Differentiated Instruction August 2-4, 2019 @Cagayan de Oro City
Teacher: “If I gave you 2 cats
and another 2 cats and another
2, how many would you have?”
Johnny: “Seven.”
Teacher: “No, listen carefully…
If I gave you two cats, and
another two cats and another
two, how many would you
have?”
Johnny: “Seven.”
International Seminar on Differentiated Instruction August 2-4, 2019 @Cagayan de Oro City
Teacher: “Let me put it to you
differently. If I gave you two
apples, and another two apples
and another two, how many
would you have?”
Johnny: “Six.”
Teacher: “Good. Now if I gave
you two cats, and another two
cats and another two, how
many would you have?”
Johnny: “Seven!”
International Seminar on Differentiated Instruction August 2-4, 2019 @Cagayan de Oro City
Teacher:
“Johnny, where
in the heck do
you get seven
from?!”
International Seminar on Differentiated Instruction August 2-4, 2019 @Cagayan de Oro City
International Seminar on Differentiated Instruction August 2-4, 2019 @Cagayan de Oro City
Johnny:
“Because I’ve
already got a
cat!”
International Seminar on Differentiated Instruction August 2-4, 2019 @Cagayan de Oro City
In a differentiated classroom…
1)Assessment is ongoing and tightly
linked to instruction.
2)Teachers work hard to ensure
“respectful activities” for all students.
3)Flexible grouping is a hallmark of the
class.
Tomlinson, 2000
International Seminar on Differentiated Instruction August 2-4, 2019 @Cagayan de Oro City
International Seminar on Differentiated Instruction August 2-4, 2019 @Cagayan de Oro City
International Seminar on Differentiated Instruction August 2-4, 2019 @Cagayan de Oro City
What is Assessment?
Is a process that is used to keep track of
learners' progress in relation to learning
standards and in the development of 21st-
century skills; to promote self-reflection
and personal accountability among
students about their own learning; and to
provide bases for the profiling of student
performance on the learning
competencies and standards of the
International Seminar on Differentiated Instruction August 2-4, 2019 @Cagayan de Oro City
Classroom Assessment is an
ongoing process of
identifying, gathering,
organizing, and interpreting
quantitative and qualitative
information about what
learners know and can do.
International Seminar on Differentiated Instruction August 2-4, 2019 @Cagayan de Oro City
Assessment in the Differentiated
Classroom
Ongoing
Instruction-dependent
Student-dependent
Informative for continued
instruction
International Seminar on Differentiated Instruction August 2-4, 2019 @Cagayan de Oro City
Two Views of Assessment
Nurturing
Gatekeeping
Guiding
Judging
Self-Reflection
Right Answers
Information
Control
Comparison to task
Comparison to others
Use over multiple
activities
Use with single activities
International Seminar on Differentiated Instruction August 2-4, 2019 @Cagayan de Oro City
THINKING ABOUT ON-GOING
ASSESSMENT
STUDENT DATA SOURCES TEACHER DATA MECHANISMS
1. Journal entry 1. Anecdotal records
2. Short answer test 2. Observation by checklist
3. Open response test 3. Skills checklist
4. Home learning 4. Class discussion
5. Notebook 5. Small group interaction
6. Oral response 6. Teacher – student conference
7. Portfolio entry 7. Assessment stations
8. Exhibition 8. Exit cards
9. Culminating product 9. Problem posing
10. Question writing 10. Performance tasks and rubrics
International Seminar on Differentiated Instruction August 2-4, 2019 @Cagayan de Oro City
Start slowly.
Organize your
classroom space.
International Seminar on Differentiated Instruction August 2-4, 2019 @Cagayan de Oro City
Teacher Inboxes
Station 1
Bookshelf
Teacher
Station Group
Schedule
2
International Seminar on Differentiated Instruction August 2-4, 2019 @Cagayan de Oro City Assignments
International Seminar on Differentiated Instruction August 2-4, 2019 @Cagayan de Oro City
Tips for Implementing Differentiated
Instruction: Your Classroom (continued)
International Seminar on Differentiated Instruction August 2-4, 2019 @Cagayan de Oro City
"In the end, all learners
need your energy, your
heart and your mind. They
have that in common
because they are young
humans. How they need
you however, differs.
Unless we understand and
respond to those
differences, we fail many
learners." *
* Tomlinson,International
C.A. (2001). How to differentiate instruction in mixed ability
Seminar on Differentiated Instruction August 2-4, 2019 @Cagayan de Oro City
classrooms (2nd Ed.). Alexandria, VA: ASCD.
In Summary…..
International Seminar on Differentiated Instruction August 2-4, 2019 @Cagayan de Oro City